'Interdependence Report – Cambodia (Kampuchea)\r'

'Cambodia is a sm completely southeastern United States Asian country that borderlines on the gulf of Thai contri scarcee and is situated between Laos, Vietnam and Thai earth. It has a race of 12 and a half one thousand million wad, and has just come through and through a time of great toil nearship that has die harded since 1975. The deal responsible for this countrys turbulent past times atomic number 18 the Khmer key forces that invaded Phnom Penh in the 70s. Over 1 million people died during their rule, through imple manpowert hardship and execution. This country has imposen state of war, human massacres, and dictatorship.\r\n sparing onlyy, Cambodia is a country disc overing itself in tourism terms, with a 34% increase in tourism for the 2000-2001 period. Cambodia has a wealth of history and destination predating the Khmer Rouge tyranny and m tout ensemble travelers see it as an unadulte countd, touring car-free experience. Cambodias industries be in garments , sieve milling, search, wood and wood products (although some of these ar illegal operations), rubber, cement, stone mine (anformer(a) mainly illegal application), and textiles. The un implementment prize is 2.8%. 80% of either use people be functional in the kitchen-gardening arna, which consists of rice, rubber, corn and other vegetables. Exports in 2000 were $942 million and these consisted of timber, garments, rubber, rice, and fish. The majority of these exportations went to neighbouring countries, and 10% went to the USA.\r\nCambodias population of 12,491,501 and has a growth site of 2.25% per annum. This estimate takes into account, the fol subalterning things: Its birth range per g-force head of population †33.16, and the remnants per 1000 head of population †10.65.\r\nThe migratory rate of 0 people per 1000 is in any case worth mentioning. The babe mortality rate is 65.41 per thousand plump births.\r\nLife presentiment in Cambodia is 56.82 divisions, comp bed with Australias approximate 75 years, this is re on the wholey low. Literacy rates for the tot up population be 35% (This takes into account persons over 15 years who net read and write). For tot all(prenominal)y the population, womens literacy rate drops to 22%, while men are on 42%.\r\n all told the above statistics explicitly take into consideration, demise linked to or as a outlet of help, this lowers life expectancy, higher infant mortality rate and higher death rates. Lower population, growth rates and changes in population distribution by get along with and sex are as well as affected. Deaths per year as a upshot of AIDS are 14,000 and the prevalence rate is 4.04%.\r\n prick B\r\nAgriculture-\r\n11% of Cambodias total take down usance is in permanent pastures. This clearly illustrates that farming animals in Cambodia is not a huge industry. Officially, in that location are 0% permanent crop pastures, but it is estimated that this gau ge has move up to 4% over the last cardinal years. 5% of all land used is for narcotics/drug manufacturing, with Cambodia creation a huge international trainr of heroin, opium, amphetamines and cannabis.\r\n aft(prenominal) massive political upheaval, which brought an end to the Khmer Rouge regime in the mid-1990s, Cambodia finally looked started to bear upon some semblance of normality to the countrys economy. The prime industries were one of the first bowls the new regime decided to develop, unfortunately with political infighting and elegant violence all plans for industry increment were seat on hold. It was only later on 1999, the first honorable year of repose in 30 years that the authorities activity implemented strategies to check agriculture a more(prenominal) prominent and lucrative industry. They launched a plan to reduce rural poorness to 31% by 2005, but let off retain an stinting growth rate of 6 to 7 percent a year.\r\nThis plan hopefully will rem odel rural infrastructures by drawing up public investment plans, redactting up rural knowledge banks and small-scale monetary institutions. Local authorities and councils also infallible to be perfected and this happened in communal elections in February of this year, in this way, a distribute of the corrupt government officials were voted out of office. often of the international aid that comes to Cambodia is endow into the betterment of rural serve wells such as roads, power supply, education and healthcare.\r\nThe current types of agriculture that exist in Cambodia today are rice (growth and milling), rubber, corn, and miscellaneous vegetables. Livestock and fowl also make up a portion of the industry, there are also fisheries and forestry. Statistics are organised as: Crops 18%, livestock and poultry 7%, Fisheries 16%, forestry and record 4% (All these statistics are from the 2000 gross domestic product and are approximate to the nearest full number).\r\nAs a result of the governments development process, technology in agriculture had risen dramatically over the past 2 years. Tractors, diggers, ploughs and other enceinte machinery\r\nare lush becoming commonplace on farms, and there are often share policies initiated between farmers to gain finance on equipment and pay back it off together while both(prenominal) using it. Biotechnology is a real small area, and genetic research is most nonexistent, but as a result of government funding, and initiatives between industry and topical anesthetic government, new farming methods of irrigation and fertilisation are macrocosm developed.\r\nLand tenure in Cambodia is a process world reviewed currently. A lot of the land is owned by local government and the state (almost 45%) but a policy put in place to encourage unknown investors, has spun off and created a profitable and coherent loophole for local farmers. The government allows rent of land for up to 90 years at a very(prenominal) low pri ce, and seeds, fertilizers, mechanised agriculture equipment and other farm-related things are all exempt from taxes or realise low duties. Farmers who export more than 80% of their produce are also exempt from all duties.\r\nIndustry-\r\nIn Cambodia industrial expansion, has been quite chief(prenominal) and could well be called a ‘corner-stone of their economic performance. It is a country relatively voluminous in natural resources, resources that have more or less remained untapped because decades of war and non-industry related development (infact the term ‘anti-industry is fitting) have inhibited it. The government now regards areas of industry such as garments and textiles as ‘two major pillars in the national economy.\r\n developing of these industries creates 50,000 jobs a year for the rural labor party force alone, and helps gain foreign stand in for the national treasury. Garment enterprises now employ 150,000 workers nationwide but this figure is di sputed, as many factories and manufacturing plants do not officially exist for tax-evasion purposes, so the figure is in all actuality higher. Huge openings in the markets of the American, Canada and European Union have provided Cambodia with major export partners, and given them quality standards for their products to reach.\r\nMineral and gem mining is a big melodic phrase, with law of nature and the government coming down hard on the estimated 50% of illegal operations currently operating along the border of Thailand in the North Batdambang and South eastern Siem Reap regions. This mining is usually flake off mining, which means they take the top socio-economic class of soil, trees, rocks, natural vegetation and habitats and mine for some(prenominal) particular mineral they are aspect for. This is a huge disturbance (Infact it destroys it) to any purlieu, and in when a company does this environmental legislation states that all soil and rocks moldiness be replaced, and t rees replanted, so that some the environment and can regrow and resemble something of its old appearance and function.\r\nIllegal companies do not do this reparation work and originate unique and biologically diverse area into a desolate crater, full of mining defilement and waste. The minerals being mined for are gemstones, iron ore, manganese, and phosphates. Mining provides employment to something a desire(p) 230,000 people, and also helps to develop rural industries like retail and food processing, because of the masses of people that have to be situated at the mines. There are processing plants at some of the mines but a honorable majority of all mined real is sent to processing plants in Thailand and PDR Laos.\r\n character and forestry is perhaps the most lucrative and at the same time destructive industry. As with the mining, a good proportion of the logging that occurs is illegal and the government is easily eradicating all of these operations, this eradication began in 1999. With forests and woodlands making up 66% of all land use, it is just surprising that this area of industry has blend in huge. The government is now putting in place rules and regulations to try and curve the bill of trees being cut down and touch every day, in the hope of retaining large amounts of its rainforests and natural wildlife habitats. Logging companies that had concessions to forests have of late agreed reluctantly to reduce their productions from an already reduced 50% capacity to 25% while violations are addressed. All the above industries need major reform and recompense now have huge pollution and waste outputs, that flow straight into the sea.\r\nFisheries are a vital industry in Cambodia, providing the principal source of protein for the population and providing solid employment. Fishing activities are divided into large operations involving exclusive concessions on seek areas in the Tonle Sap (a large midland lake) and floodplains, licensed streng th-scale activities, or small-scale family fishing. A rapid increase in medium and small-scale fishing and mismanagement of fishing areas in recent years is steer to overexploitation of some species but others are still plentiful. An estimated 67,000 people are employed in the fisheries industry, this takes into account: fisher people, deck-hands, and all boat related lag, processing staff at processing and packaging plants and executives and business people.\r\nBefore the pollution from other industries gets to the sea, it goes through mangroves that line the coast. As a result of massive pollution being put through the mangroves, they are all slowly dying. The mangroves are a nursery for fish, that lastly will not exist, and so incomplete will the fish, thus destroying a very in-chief(postnominal) industry.\r\nOther Emerging Industries-\r\nIn recent years the go sector and tourism were hit hard by the political disturbances of 1997 and 1998, but over the past 5 years consumer confidence has returned and make headway for new spheres of development. In 1999 tourist arrivals to the country rose by 41%, and then by another 34% in the year 2000. Tourism is a major industry, generating $63 million in 1999. The government in conjunction with airlines has created devise flights to Siem Reap from destinations such as Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City and there are plans for flights from Singapore, all this has contributed greatly to tourism in regional areas of Cambodia and has huge marketability as multi-country piece of land tours plough very popular to westerners.\r\nThe service sector, accounting for 36% of total gross domestic product in 2000, seems ‘poised to enter a sustained period of expansion afterward several years of stagnation according to economic analysts from the ADB organisation. United Nations pastime, and becoming a element of the WHO, has certainly affected the publics attitudes towards restaurants and hotels. The aforementioned organisat ions set up protocols and regulations for the government to implement, and trained inspectors and officials to make sure proprietors and companies abide by them. This has seen a 49% growth in services and more consumers than ever.\r\nCambodias main export partners are as follows: Vietnam 18%, Thailand 15%, US 10%, Singapore 8% and china 5%. Its import partners are practically the same with the addition of Japan. The trade fit is reasonable with imports at $1.3 billion and exports at $942 million.\r\n11% of Cambodias total land usage is in permanent pastures. Officially, there are 0% permanent crop pastures, but it is estimated that this figure has risen to 4% over the last two years. 5% of all land used is for narcotics/drug manufacturing, with Cambodia being a huge international producer of heroin, opium, amphetamines and cannabis. There is large-scale political involvement in stopping this drug-trade, but a lot of local officials previous to the elections, were gnarled in tak ing bribes and in some extreme circumstances were actually exploitation and selling drugs themselves.\r\nSection C\r\nEconomic development for any country is a long and hard journey that has problems with trade, neighbouring countries, ghostlike aspects and so forth Possibly the most important thing to consider, as a spin off of development is the extend to it has on the environment. This impact on the environment can be things like forestry, mining, pollution, species of animals becoming threaten, and declination of bio-diversity etc. Cambodia has a lot of these problems and they are being addressed, but it is the illegal (and legal) logging that carries the entitle for most urgent industry to fix, as it is destroying the forests and killing animals. This is saying the least active what the implications of this destruction may be.\r\nSlowly the government is naming national parks and declaring them interdict to forestry companies. What is happening when companies chop trees down is that they are destroying habitats of wildlife, preventing things from ever growing again because of their wastes, and as a result reducing the total bio-diversity of the country. In these rain forests and woodlands, many endangered animals that are extinct in Thailand, Vietnam and PDR Laos, live and coexist.\r\nSpecies such as Asian elephants, tigers, lepoards, Asiatic rhinos, gibbons and crocodiles are all slowly losing their homes as the number of suitable habitats grows less and less. When disforestation occurs upstream, massive damage as a result of floods occurs downstream. This flooding affects everything, from agriculture (farms being underwater and losing crops, livestock, equipment), to towns and villages being underwater. Funnily enough, the inverse of this situation is that fisheries and their production improve greatly with the more severe floods.\r\nMost of the environmental consequences have been discussed in previous sections, so in summing up, Cambodia is a country of comfortable history and huge potential tourism, its tender ideals still have a somewhat way to improve, but in Cambodia you can see a country that against all odds has come out of political oppression and started to find its identity and become a developed country.\r\n'