Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun - Research Paper Example He mixes Coast Salish cosmology and Northwest Coast reserved design standards with aspects of European surrealist and scenery painting traditions. Yuxweluptun handles controversial social, political, environmental, and cultural subjects, in these vibrant colors, a lot mysteriously witty painting. He is much more concerned with giving voice to the concerns but feels that the conventional forms of the Northwest Coast are not enough. Yuxweluptun clearly challenges the perception of a revitalization of Northwest Coast art, which he presumes reinvents tradition and by doing so, emphasizes a disgraceful inheritance of prejudice and anguish of the First Nations people of modern discussion. Tweaker For over 20 years Yuxweluptun work have articulated a far-ranging range of socio-political issues including the realities of urban Aboriginal life, ecological squalor, Aboriginal rights and freedoms, colonialism, and the social division produced by deprivation, reliance and mistreatment. Integrati ng a far ranging of techniques borrowed from First Nations and Western customs, he investigates the explosive connection between cultures in divergence. In Tweaker a rebellion of multifaceted and multihued oviods populates the canvas. Yuxweluptun it seems is keen on recreating a torrid activity and mindset of meth users who frequent Vancouver’s infamous Downtown Eastside. These persons who are viewed as members of an aberrant society, have become the victims of ill-treatment both the government and the peddlers who rely and/or on them (Laurence 50-55). Scorched Earth, Clear-cut Logging, Shaman Coming to Fix This is a more sophisticated painting on an analogous theme. A shaman, in the front of the left hand corner, is gloomy faced certainly, and stands on next to a squatting individual.... For over 20 years Yuxweluptun work have articulated a far-ranging range of socio-political issues including the realities of urban Aboriginal life, ecological squalor, Aboriginal rights and freedoms, colonialism, and the social division produced by deprivation, reliance and mistreatment. Integrating a far ranging of techniques borrowed from First Nations and Western customs, he investigates the explosive connection between cultures in divergence. In Tweaker a rebellion of multifaceted and multihued oviods populates the canvas. Yuxweluptun it seems is keen on recreating a torrid activity and mindset of meth users who frequent Vancouver’s infamous Downtown Eastside. These persons who are viewed as members of an aberrant society, have become the victims of ill-treatment both the government and the peddlers who rely and/or on them. This is a more sophisticated painting on an analogous theme. A shaman, in the front of the left hand corner, is gloomy faced certainly, and stands on n ext to a squatting individual. The aspects in the backdrop moan and lie sagging and sapped.

A Critical Essay on Raimondo Pannikar Essay Example for Free

A Critical Essay on Raimondo Pannikar Essay Raimondo Panikkar is a Roman Catholic Priest who specializes in the study of comparative philosophy of religion. He was born in Barcelona Spain on November 03, 1918. Perhaps, the mixed inter faith marriage of his mother, who was a Catholic from Catalonia Spain, and his father who was a Hindu from a highly situated caste Nair from South India, accounts most for his interest in comparative religious philosophy. His education also contributed much in this. He was educated in a Jesuit school and he took up chemistry and philosophy at universities in Madrid, Barcelona and Bonn. After being ordained as a Roman Catholic Priest in 1946, and holding doctorates in Philosophy and Science (Complutense University, Madrid 1945 and 1958) and theology (Pontifical Lateran University, Rome, 1961), he left for India in 1953 to undertake studies in Indian philosophy and religion at the University of Mysore and at the Banaras Hindu University. He authored 40 books and almost a thousand articles dealing with comparative philosophy and religion and has deliberated on principles and practices of multi-faith, which includes among others, dialogues between Christian-Hindu, Christian-Buddhist and Christian-Secularist. In the book Intrareligious Dialouges, Panikkar said I left as a Christian; found myself a Hindu; and I return as a Buddhist, without having ceased to be a Christian. (Panikkar, Paulist Press; revised edition, July 1999. ISBN 0809137631). Panikkar’s contributions are widely quoted and heavily used to support the theory of (your family name 2) religious pluralism, interfaith and multi-faith studies as well as religious comparative philosophy. THE WEBSITE HTTP://WWW. RELIGIOUSTOLERANCE. ORG No matter how you describe yourself, you should find your beliefs and practices accurately represented in this website. – (ReligiousTolerance. org) This site is a copyrighted side by Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. In their Statement of belief the web masters said that they are a multi-faith group. As of 2008-FEB, we consist of one Atheist, Agnostic, Christian, Wiccan and Zen Buddhist. Thus, the OCRT staff lack agreement on almost all theological matters, such as belief in a supreme being, the nature of God, interpretation of the Bible and other holy texts, whether life after death exists, what form the afterlife may take, etc. (ReligiousTolerance. org) They proceed to enumerate key points in their belief system in a bullet style, and among others, said that they In working towards a culture that is relatively free of discrimination on the basis of gender, race, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, national origin, physical disability, age, etc. (ReligiousTolerance. org). On the left hand side of the website there are clickable links of articles and essays that list among others, the major religions of the world, Non-theistic articles such as Agnosticism and Humanism. There are also articles on Spiritual Ethics, Peace and Conflict, â€Å"Hot† Topics as well as Laws and News. Over-all the website is plain and straightforward. The interface is very easy to (your family name 3) use and very user friendly. The website has sponsors ads, but none of the usual annoying pop-ups, and/or annoying background music and other widgets that are found in other websites. The articles in the website presented in a logic way, are easy to use and topics are indexed clearly for easy referencing and retrieval. It is also peppered with nuggets and quotes from religious leaders and other notable personas. One such example is on the bottom part of the web page, from Mahatma Gandhi â€Å"The need of the moment is not one religion, but mutual respect and tolerance of the devotees of the different religions. (Ghandi). The website is a valuable resource for information in the major religions of the world. It is an excellent source of in depth religious comparative articles as well as current issues affecting faith and practice. WORKS CITED Pannikar, Raimondo. Intrareligious Dialouges: Paulist Press; revised edition, July 1999. ISBN 0809137631). Raimon-Panikkar. org Fundacion Vivarium Raimon Panikkar – Tavertet (Catalunya) Retrieved February 25, 2009. http://www. raimon-panikkar. org/index. html ReligiousTolerance. Org. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Retrieved February 25, 2009. http://www. religioustolerance. org/

Free Essay on Homers Odyssey: Odyssey as Epic Poem :: Homer Odyssey Essays

The Odyssey as Epic Poem For thousands of years, people have enjoyed the entertainment of epic poems. The "Odyssey" is an epic poem. The "Odyssey" contains characteristics of an epic poem. The setting of the ""Odyssey" is immense. The gods and goddesses of ancient Greece intervene frequently in the "Odyssey". Odysseus exemplifies a special kind of pride. Throughout the "Odyssey", Odysseus undertakes a difficult journey. . The "Odyssey" has an big setting. Odysseus starts off by traveling to Troy, which is the known world. On his quest home he comes face to face with the unknown world. Included in the unknown world is the underworld. Very few mortals had ever made it to the underworld and back safely. Odysseus travels to many different islands, and civilizations throughout the duration of the "Odyssey". Thus, creating many smaller, different settings that all fit into vast setting. The gods and goddesses constantly intervene in the "Odyssey". There are many examples of divine intervention in the "Odyssey". One of the most influential gods in the "Odyssey" is Poseidon. Poseidon causes Odysseus's journey to be so difficult. Poseidon is mad at Odysseus because of what he did to his son Polyphemus. Polyphemus asked his father to avenge him. This resulted in only Odysseus reaching Ithaca. Circe was a minor goddess who had a great influence in the "Odyssey". She helped Odysseus by giving some advice on certain matters. She told Odysseus that she must go to "the cold homes of Death and Persephone..." meaning the underworld. She also tells them of the danger which lies ahead in Scylla and Charybdis. Odysseus's pride led him to make blind, rash decisions. Hubris, a Greek word, is the best way to describe Odysseus's pride. Hubris is a unique type of pride that is almost arrogance. Odysseus demonstrates this when he is leaving the island of the Cyclopes. `Cyclopes, if ever mortal man inquire how you were put to shame and blinded, tell him Odysseus, raider of cities, took your eye: Laertes' son, whose home's on Ithaca!' If Odysseus would have kept his mouth shut he may have escaped Poseidon, and all of men wouldn't have been killed.

Impact of Media

Media plays a significant role in our society in the present scenario. It is all around us, from the shows we watch on television, the music we listen to on the radio, to the books and magazines we read each day. Television, more than any of the other Medias, achieves myriad different goals.We live in a fascinating world and an even more fascinating society. In this day and age, life without technology feels utterly impossible and life without the media is simply unimaginable. Media provides us with entertainment, information and comfort.The media influences people in different ways, some positive and some negative. It is important to realize although media can have a positive effect on society too much exposure to television, computers, or magazines can lead to unhealthy effects. The media gives people a way to connect with one another through news updates or even social networking. Most everyone wakes up in the morning grabs the newspaper, computer, or flips on the television to ed ucate themselves on the worldly happenings of that day. Research has revealed that media is responsible for influencing a major part of our daily life. Media contribute to a transformation in the cultural and social values of the masses. Media can bring about a change in the attitudes and beliefs of the common man. Media has a direct impact over the lifestyle of society.†POSTIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACT ON MEDIAAn individual developmental level is a critical factor in determining whether the medium will have positive or negative effects.Research conclusion are given by the physician†¢Physicians can change and improve children’s television viewing habits. †¢Canadian children watch excessive amounts of television. †¢There is a relationship between watching violent television programming and an increase in violent behaviour by children. †¢Excessive television watching contributes to the increased incidence of obesity. †¢Excessive television watching may have a deleterious effect on learning and academic performance. †¢Television is an effective way of advertising products of various ages.The media like television, radio and the Internet increase an overall  awareness of the masses. They enhance the general knowledge by providing us with information from all over the world. News broadcast through different media helps us know about the day-to-day events in the world. News, tele-films and documentaries revolving around social issues increase a social awareness in children and develop their concern towards society.Media serve as the best means for a speedy spread of news about important incidents or events. The news that has happened in the remotest corner of the world can reach us within minutes.Movies and television programs often show characters using drugs and alcohol and engaging in violent behaviors. At a developmental stage when teens seek greater freedom and independence, the glorification of drugs, alcohol, risky sexu al and violent behaviors in the media make it challenging for teens to make responsible behavioral choices.CONCLUSIONMass media has become an integral part of our lives and can not be separated from our life. Particularly for the urban people, the need for information is more important than ever. Our values and way of life in the society in this information era are strongly influenced by the mass media like newspapers, TV, radio, video, and the internet. The full range of unfiltered media is now available to most of us by using a parabola and satellite transmission. We can buy many kinds of videos freely. Access to the internet is easy and inexpensive almost everywhere.We can find many kinds of information using the internet technology. Media is the most powerful tool of communication. It helps promoting the right things on right time. It gives a real exposure to the mass audience about what is right or wrong. Even though media is linked with spreading fake news like a fire, but on the safe side, it helps a lot to inform us about the realities as well. There is a positive and negative side in every activity. Depends upon the individual, the media have both the sides to use in right and wrong way.

Football as a desirable life Essay

Why do children want to be a football player? Why also their parents encourage them to be a football player? Because it has satisfaying reasons for people whose life involves football and it is easy to play with just one ball in an open area. Also children playing football can be chosen easily by the professionals in their early life. Therfore, the gates of the world which they have dreamed open. So, playing in a football team has two benefits about player’ character and opportunities. To begin with, playing in a football team improves and molds the player’s character. Playing in a football team builds self-confidence and betters it. Players usually set goals for themselves when they have begun to football. They believe in themselves and want to show their success to their family and friends. So, they start to work hard to reach those goals. When they achieve their goals with people’s testimony, they obtain unbreakable self-confidence. Children who began to football in their childhood grow up faster than the children who did not thanks to strong self-confidence. Football not only affects players in their childhood, it also affects them in their latter life when they win. Because football teams compete in a football leauge in their own country. They are playig to be best in the leauge. So they have to believe in themselves and play well. When they became champion of the leauge it means that they are the best team of the country therefore, their self-confidence increases. Football also makes players take responsiblities and risks for themselves and for the team. For example a goal-keeper has a lot of responsibilities and pressure on his shoulder. Also other players feel the same thing but not as the same as the goal-keeper. Players have to play well enough and do their job well but no one win everytime. Players must be prepared for both success and failure therefore players have to be mentally ready. So football is benefical for players and it learns to players being a team. People playing football are not selfish because it is a team game and it is all about the team spirit which is one of the benefits of the playing in a football team. Another satisfying benefit of playing in a football team is that it can make life beter and players may have chance many opportunities. It make easy to go abroad. Because of the games which are hold in the other countries, players can go those countries with the team so easily. Then they can meet new people from other countries as well. Also they can meet the other famous and legendary players also other people which they love such as writers, actors thanks to their opportunities as those people also love football. Players also can visit the historical and natural places which are in all around world. There are some parts of places that ordinary people can not access but players may access those parts easily. The most important benefit fot lots of player it has a well-paid salary. Players insured by their team since they begun to play football on professional team. If they have some health issues whether they are serious or not insurance agency pays their cst maket he treatment on the best conditions. Players also can insure their whole family thanks to their salary. Playing in the football team can also help the player in te educational area. Some universities give scholarships to football players. They can play on their team and they can be educated by the good universities in their school life. To sum up, it is an undeniable fact that lots of people have wanted to be a football player because of its benefits which are about player’s charecter and opportunities of playing football. Some people attracted by the benefits of the football reach their dreams and live the life which they have always wanted to live, but the others watch them everyday and they feel sorry about that why they are not a football player. In short playing football is important in terms of many benefical aspects. That is why people want to be a football player.

Event Management Of Rio Carnival Festival Tourism Essay Essays

Event Management Of Rio Carnival Festival Tourism Essay Essays Event Management Of Rio Carnival Festival Tourism Essay Paper Event Management Of Rio Carnival Festival Tourism Essay Paper Introduction: The event selected in order to finish this piece of work is the Rio Carnival. This is one of the celebrated festivals and it is held before Lent and it is known as one of the biggest festival where the participant populace is more than two million in Numberss each twenty-four hours. The festival is one of the oldest 1 every bit good. Before traveling in to farther item of the event and covering the subject as of different required angles the research worker will give a brief history about event direction and the progresss which has taken topographic point with the transition of clip and debut of latest engineerings. ( Getz, 2007 ) Life is full events that are non merely interesting but full of attractive forces and escapade for the populace. There has been a batch said and discussed and largely one might happen finishs under enormous force per unit area as they are non certain how to cover by agencies of these events and salvage them as of going a touristic merchandise. In the yesteryear, major events have been victim of different unwanted actions which has non merely spoiled the image of the finish but in add-on the celebrity of the event has been affected to a great extent. In the present universe where engineering through media has covered all the amusement facets for public and public can bask the event as of the parturiency of their place merely by sitting in forepart of their telecasting sets, still the existent joy is for unrecorded amusement as public want to take part and be portion of the colourful environment which can non be captured or experienced through telecasting no affair how good they are ca ptured. A superior quotable Event Management method offers an organisation with the aptitude to feel Events, acknowledge them, and so take on a suited control disturbance or action to avoid an happening and/or service break. Suitable activities or behaviors can consist of an action to let go of an event or to follow an event. Well-organized service processs base on the timely handling of the several activities indispensable to avoid confrontations and service outages. ( Reisinger, 2009 ) As Event Management offers the capableness to feel incidents before clip, an association can configure engineering to prolong an Event Management process to trip an event after it has been automatically noticed and be automatically allocated to the suited resolver cabal for action before any definite service break or outage happens. Using engineering to prolong an Event Management process makes it likely for a few activities to be observed by freedom which can help eliminate the demand for dearly-won and supply concentrated existent clip monitoring , whereas at the similar clip, dropping inaccessibility or down clip. Inside Event Management there are some altered sorts of events to manage which include: Normal Operation Events: These sorts of events can consist an automatic proclamation that a planned work load occupation has ended as usual or a consumer has logged into an contraption that they had the right point of admittance to, or an electronic mail has attained an awaited receiving system. Standard procedure events are important to detect since they might stand for a breach of policy or non observation to a development. ( Richards et al. , 2010 ) Exception Events: These sorts of events might consist user enterprises to entree an application with an incorrect watchword excessively many times or, a device s CPU is above an acceptable use rate or a Personal computer scan reveals the installing of improper package. ( Reisinger, 2009 ) Unusual Events: These sorts of events typically represent something unexpected and necessitate immediate notice such as server memory use within 5 % of the highest expected public presentation degree, or the decision clip of a dealing 10 % longer than normal. The cardinal point with any of these event sorts is that instant action should happen in order to either raise an incident record or a dismiss and log of the event for farther monitoring and trending. The Benefits of Event Management: By officially using these cardinal activities of an Event Management class, organisations are able to augment effectual efficiencies by going more practical at pull offing operations that cognition mistakes and service outages. In today s multifaceted IT environments, the grade of informations being produced on a day-to-day footing can be resistless plus unmanageable devoid of controlled and quotable procedures and the engineering to back up those procedures. Millions of trade s trades that rely on IT prop up are conducted every twenty-four hours. Devoid of an accepting of critical concern procedures, pull offing events turns out to be an unproductive best conjecture enterprise. ( Getz, 2007 ) An lineation of what the festival/event is: The carnival held one time a twelvemonth in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil is the for the most portion well-known party in the universe, turning year-on-year and pulling 100s of 1000s of foreign every bit good as national tourers. In the hebdomad about festival 80 % of the annual ingestion of beer is intoxicated plus 70 % of the annual tourer net incomes are composed, doubtless demoing the significance of the event cheaply? To Brazilians festival and dancing are every bit important as football, which is truly stating something! A The roots of festival: The name carnival comes as of the Latin word carnelevare intending abstention as of the feeding of meat and domestic fowl. Carnival hebdomad is held to hold by agencies of the start of the Roman Catholic period of Lent, 40 yearss prior to Easter. Lent is conventionally a period of abstention, supplication and self-evaluation for Christians and represents the 40 yearss that the Bible tells us Jesus spent in the desert defying the enticements of Satan. As the day of the months for Easter vary each twelvemonth so do those for the chief carnival weekend. There are several parades and parties by plus following the chief labeled events in the Sambodromo, some of which are free plus held in the street in assorted territories about the metropolis or as pattern weekends in the cardinal site itself. ( Dunne L et al. , 2002 ) Carnival as a celebration of music, dancing, misbehavior every bit good as extremes plus day of the months back to the ancient Roman carnival of Saturnalia which was introduced in 217 BC to raise the assurance of battle-weary Romans following overcomes by the Carthaginians. It was classically a hebdomad of feeding, imbibing every bit good as the deride turnaround of the communal order, slaves being given several farther autonomies for case Several Roman Emperors such as Augustus and Caligula tried to shorten the celebrations to 3 yearss but were met by agencies of such chaos plus were forced to go the residents to their societal assemblage. ( Getz, 2007 ) Rio Carnival today: Even though Rio Carnival may non be the lone party in Brazil, is still expensive well-known. Equally far as the participants are considered, biggest carnival in footings of member is held in Recife in the North where in 2006 1.5 million people took portion. The Rio event has developed repeatedly since its happening back in the seventeenth Century furthermore every twelvemonth it grows in size and more country and obeche schools turn out to be mixed up in the spectacle.A Blocos ( Blocks ) are bantam or in-between sized fold of instrumentalists and terpsichoreans drawn as of vicinities who parade with a disputing subject, slogan and point. They could be clothed in fiting T shirts or in excess inordinate outfit and there are now over 100 Blocos, legion of whom do non even travel away as of their street or vicinity while exposing. Hundreds of local people congregate and escort them in their difficult work. ( Richards et al. , 2010 ) Over profoundly financed obeche schools are immense groups of performing artists which participate in parade competitions in a peculiarly built Sambodromo. These schools procession held on the 4 major darks of the carnival, along with the rubric parade individual held on the Saturday dark. The official resistance can be alienated into 10 classs and a victor picked as of each distribution after being reconsidered on each of the followers ; beating set, Samba vocal, Harmony, Flow and spirit, topic of the twelvemonth, Overall feeling, Floats and props, Costumes, Vanguard group and Flag carrier. There are 4 Judgess in each group and these people sit in booths along the parade path in the Sambodromo. Great standing is awarded to the victors and the competition is taken really critically with monolithic sums of efforts, exercising and money invested. ( Reisinger, 2009 ) Entrance tickets for the Sambodromo parades are awarded and as such are dearly-won even in the low-cost bleacher seats which cost some hundred dollars. Topographic points in the VIP boxes run to 1000s of dollars as they offer the witness much more ease and handiness of installations, unfastened saloon, 3 class dinner etc. for what is a lengthy of sing. Tickets and some hotels often sell out month s in progress so if you want to travel guarantee a longer manner in progress. The stakeholders: Keeping in head the nature of the event it turns out to be clear that the stakeholders are fundamentally the tourers and local audiences that come as of everyplace to bask this event, its coloring material and the different parade and dances which are the really major portion of this festival. ( Bichou et al. , 2007 ) Social-cultural benefits and issues linked with festival: The modern universe is confronting menaces like terrorist act and mark violent death and there are many parts of the universe where the felons wait for such mega events so that they can acquire a opportunity to do harm on high graduated tables. The harm can be anything like robbing, killing and even bomb blasts which are usually the cardinal focal point for terrorists in today s universe. The community may ever experience itself at hazard during such plans and events as the ratio of offense is higher and it s hard to follow and command due to the size of event. Talking about benefits, festival like Rio brings concern to the state and enables the alien to understand the civilization of the native people. Not merely does it pull people for long clip but even in the four ( Getz, 2007 ) What tourists might comprehend as an effort to acquire closer to the reliable and to interrupt through to the back part, hosts will frequently comprehend as a misdemeanor, an violation on private and personal infinite, and these differing perceptual experiences shape the power dealingss flanked by hosts and tourers. Merely as objects are altered as they are placed in the forepart and false dorsum parts, the hosts are alienated through their functions in the concern: they become anders, person other than what they one time were. This position of how hosts and their civilization are changed allows me to turn up the cardinal impression of genuineness in the review of the touristry concern in the plants in my acquisition. The three writers portray touristry as doing those who live and work in the concern anders. Returning to the impression of forepart and back parts, so, I argue that the creative persons portray the echt back part as a infinite that has been lost or is threatened by touristry, as it is bit by bit becomes anders and is turned into a false, staged back part. The acquisition depicts touristry and its impacts as a menace, implicitly observing a failure to protect the genuineness of the back part as of touristry. Discussion on how the festival event can assist to further cultural apprehension There are many possible ways in the carnival may assist in order to further cultural apprehensions. The universe has turns out to be little small town and as a consequence people have turns out to be closer to each other with the aid of Information engineering. That is the chief cause behind the fact that people want to cognize about each other s civilization values and beliefs as they find cognizing about these cultural values really interesting. In order to acquire the cultural understandings events like The Rio Carnival plays a cardinal function as non merely the fact that its is really attractive but at the same clip it s one of the celebrated and large festival that automatically attracts the attending of people as of all over the universe and they want to cognize about it, how it started and the other linked civilizations with it. ( Bichou et al. , 2007 ) Peoples as of all over the universe as mentioned earlier fly to Brazil to bask this festival. This gives them chance to cognize about the local civilizations and the different interesting facts that may be associated with these civilizations which may change after every hundred stat mis depending on the locals of the state and different cultural beliefs which they may possess. Recommendations for extenuating negative societal and cultural impacts of the event festival Contemporary universe faces some serious menaces. These menaces can be terrorist act, robberies, violent deaths and other issues. Terrorists are ever in hunt of such festivals and societal assemblages where the figure of participants irrespective of the fact that they are performer or audience. This merely for the ground that the more large the assemblage is the bigger will be the degree of devastation which may be caused by these terrorists. Therefore, it turns out to be the duty of the event direction squad and the concerned governments to do certain that all the available latest tools and other installations like information engineering and directions and security techniques are adopted in order to do certain that the event direction is successful at the same clip is safe as of any sort terrorist activity which may do the loss of cherished lives. ( Getz, 2007 ) Decisions: Sing the elaboratenesss of IT organisations at present, there is a strong demand of all right Event direction pattern and the demand for engineering enabled processs is critical for best possible operational effectivity. The intent of an Event Management class is to perceive events of important service factors and respond immediately to direct those events. At present we want informations gathered, concurrent, processed and so analyzed as much fleetly and right as possible. Effectiveness commence with anterior readying to acquire an thought that which services are indispensable and entail supervising along with usual reassess Sessionss to maintain these regulations clear, precise and applicable. ( Reisinger, 2009 ) Technology contributes a great trade in heightening the Event Management procedure by computerising the existent procedure actions themselves ( for illustration event acknowledgment, event proclamation and automatic incident formation ) , and through analysing the consequences as of some other associated processs ( such as Configuration Management ) . Incorporation with other patterns ( peculiarly Incident Management, crisis Management, Accessibility Management, Configuration Management and Service rank Management ) is crucially important to vouch that events are handled expeditiously and that the maximal degrees of handiness and service are kept. ( Getz, 2007 )

How to Get Copies of Your Past Income Tax Returns

How to Get Copies of Your Past Income Tax Returns You can get either exact copies or brief â€Å"transcript† of your past U.S. federal tax returns from the IRS. Typically, you can request copies or transcripts of Tax Forms 1040, 1040A, and 1040EZ for up to 6 years after they were filed (after which they are destroyed by law). Copies of other types of tax forms may be available for longer than 6 years. Exact Copies - $50 Each You can request an exact copy of a past tax return by using IRS Tax Form 4506 (Request for Copy of Tax Return). Note that you can only order 1 type of tax return per request form, which means you must submit separate Forms 4506 if you need different types of returns. Make sure your full payment (of $50 per copy) is included with your request. Also keep in mind that it may take the IRS up to 75 days to process your request.Copies of jointly filed tax returns may be requested by either spouse and only one signature is required. Allow 60 calendar days to receive your copies. Transcripts of Tax Returns No Charge For many purposes, you can meet the requirements for past tax returns with a â€Å"transcript† – a computer print-out of the information on your old tax return – rather than an exact copy. A transcript may be an acceptable substitute for an exact copy of a return by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services and lending agencies for student loans and mortgages.A tax return transcript will show most line items contained on the return as it was originally filed. If you need a statement of your tax account which shows changes that you or the IRS made after the original return was filed, however, you must request a tax account transcript. Both transcripts are generally available for the current and past three years and are provided free of charge. The period in which you will receive the transcript varies from within ten to thirty business days from the time the IRS receives your request for the tax return or tax account transcript.You can obtain a free t ranscript by calling the IRS at toll-free 800-829-1040 and following the prompts in the recorded message. You can also obtain a free transcript by completing IRS Form 4506-T (PDF), Request for Transcript of Tax Return, and mailing it to the address listed in the instructions. Why Would You Need Old Tax Returns? Why do thousands of taxpayers request copies of past returns every year? According to the IRS, there are lots of reasons, including: You Miscalculated: Something as simple as a minor math mistake on a tax form can leave you needing to resolve an issue with the IRS. Typically, you will need to re-file the return to resolve the problem.You Lost the Old Ones: Lots of taxpayers like or need to keep detailed tax records.You Need Proof: Many financial chores, like applying for a loan require proof of your past tax records.You Forgot Some Documents: The IRS might require you to recalculate your taxes is you forgot to attach certain documents. For example, you might need documents proving your deductions or a copy of a W2 form.You Are Filing for Bankruptcy: Let’s hope you never do, but if you are filing for bankruptcy you’ll need copies of your past tax returns. Being able to provide the bankruptcy court with a complete financial history is a top priority in the process. Note for Taxpayers Trying to Get or Modify a Home Loan To help taxpayers trying to obtain, modify or refinance a home mortgage, the IRS has created IRS Form 4506T-EZ, Short Form Request for Individual Tax Return Transcript. Transcripts ordered using Form 4506T may also be mailed to a third party, such as a mortgage institution  if specified on the form. You must sign and date the form giving your consent for the disclosure. Businesses, partnerships or individuals who need transcript information from other forms, such as Form W-2 or Form 1099, can use Form 4506-T (PDF), Request for Transcript of Tax Return, to obtain the information. These transcripts may also be mailed to a third party if there is consent for the disclosure. Note for Taxpayers Impacted by Federally Declared Disasters For taxpayer impacted by a federally declared disaster, the IRS will waive the usual fees and expedite requests for copies of tax returns for people who need them to apply for benefits or to file amended returns claiming disaster-related losses. For additional information, refer to IRS Tax Topic 107, Tax Relief Disaster Situations, or call the IRS Disaster Assistance Hotline at 866-562-5227.

Profile of the Roman Emperor Nero

Profile of the Roman Emperor Nero Nero was the last of the Julio-Claudians, that most important family of Rome that produced the first 5 emperors (Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero). Nero is famed for watching while Rome burned, then using the devastated area for his own luxurious palace, and then blaming the conflagration on the Christians, whom he persecuted. While his predecessor, Claudius, was accused of letting slaves guide his policy, Nero was accused of letting the women in his life, especially his mother, guide his. This wasnt considered an improvement. Family and Upbringing of Nero Nero Claudius Caesar (originally Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus) was the son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the Younger, sister of the future emperor Caligula, in Antium, on December 15, A.D. 37. Domitius died when Nero was 3. Caligula banished his sister, and so Nero grew up with his paternal aunt, Domitia Lepida, who chose a barber (tonsor) and a dancer (saltator) for Neros tutors. When Claudius became emperor after Caligula, Neros inheritance was returned, and when Claudius married Agrippina, a proper tutor, Seneca, was hired for young Nero. Neros Career Nero might have had a successful career as an entertainer, but that was not to be at least officially. Under Claudius, Nero pleaded cases in the forum and was given opportunities to ingratiate himself with the Roman people. When Claudius died, Nero was 17. He presented himself to the palace guard, who pronounced him emperor. Nero then went to the ​Senate, which gave him the appropriate imperial titles. As emperor, Nero served as consul 4 times. Compassionate Elements of Neros Reign Nero reduced heavy taxes and fees paid to informers. He gave salaries to impoverished senators. He introduced certain fire-preventing and fire-fighting innovations. Suetonius says Nero devised a method of forgery prevention. Nero also replaced public banquets with grain distribution. His response to people criticizing his artistic skills was mild. Some Charges Against Nero Some of Neros infamous acts, which led to rebellion in the provinces, included inflicting punishments on Christians (and blaming them for the devastating fire in Rome), sexual perversions, marauding and murdering Roman citizens, building the extravagant Domus Aurea Golden House, charging citizens with treason to confiscate their property, murdering his mother and aunt, and causing (or at least performing while watching) the burning of Rome. Nero gained notoriety for inappropriately performing. It is said that as he died, Nero lamented that the world was losing an artist. Death of Nero Nero committed suicide before he could be captured and flogged to death. Revolts in Gaul and Spain had promised to bring Neros reign to an end. Almost all his staff deserted him. Nero tried to kill himself, but required the assistance of his scribe, Epaphrodite, to stab himself in the neck. Nero died at the age of 32. Ancient Sources on Nero Tacitus describes the reign of Nero, but his Annals end before the last 2 years of Neros reign. Cassius Dio (LXI-LXIII) and Suetonius also provide biographies of Nero. Tacitus on Nero and the Fire Tacitus on the Modifications Nero Made to Building After the Fire of Rome (15.43)... The buildings themselves, to a certain height, were to be solidly constructed, without wooden beams, of stone from Gabii or Alba, that material being impervious to fire. And to provide that the water which individual license had illegally appropriated, might flow in greater abundance in several places for the public use, officers were appointed, and everyone was to have in the open court the means of stopping a fire. Every building, too, was to be enclosed by its own proper wall, not by one common to others. These changes which were liked for their utility, also added beauty to the new city. Some, however, thought that its old arrangement had been more conducive to health, inasmuch as the narrow streets with the elevation of the roofs were not equally penetrated by the suns heat, while now the open space, unsheltered by any shade, was scorched by a fiercer glow.​​ -Â  Annals of Tacitus Tacitus on Neros Blaming the Christians (15.44).... But all human efforts, all the lavish gifts of the emperor, and the propitiations of the gods, did not banish the sinister belief that the conflagration was the result of an order. Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular. Accordingly, an arrest was first made of all who pleaded guilty; then, upon their information, an immense multitude was convicted, not so much of the crime of firing the city, as of hatred against mankind. Mo ckery of every sort was added to their deaths. Covered with the skins of beasts, they were torn by dogs and perished, or were nailed to crosses, or were doomed to the flames and burnt, to serve as a nightly illumination, when daylight had expired. Nero offered his gardens for the spectacle, and was exhibiting a show in the circus, while he mingled with the people in the dress of a charioteer or stood aloft on a car.​ -Â  Annals of Tacitus

CIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

CIS - Essay Example C++ is an extension of the C programming language. It is a high level third-generation programming language that was originally designed for UNIX systems. The term â€Å"C++† was coined in 1983. C is another programming language that was developed by Dennis M. Ritchie in the 1970s at Bell Labs (Codingunit.com, n.d). Bjarne Stroustrup had worked with Simula, the first object-oriented programming language. The idea of creating C++ arose from a need for features that were not possible with other languages at that time. He added object oriented features borrowed from Simula into C to create a new programming language that was fast, efficient and easier to design. C++ is currently used in desktop applications, telecommunication systems, data analysis, simulation, manufacturing systems, clinical systems, irrigation control systems, web applications, graphics design, desktop and mobile operating systems amongst other uses (Stroustrup.com, 2015). iv) Lines four and six have opening and closing braces. These braces indicate the beginning and end of the int main() function definition. The content inside the braces is the actual code that will be executed when this function is called by the program. v) The fifth line is a statement. A statement is any expression that results in the occurrence of an action in the program. The first part of the statement, std::cout, identifies the standard character output device, in this case, the screen. The insertion operator (

Handout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Handout - Essay Example The mediating agents intervene between the learners, the stimulus, and the manifested response so as to interpret, control, expound and strengthen the leaning experience of the learners (Feuerstein, 1980, 15-16). The theory was put forward by two theories; Feuerstein’s theory of Mediated Learning Experience and Vogotskian sociocultural theory which advocate for the significant role played by the sociocultural forces and the environment of learners in the development of the learners holistically and also in learning. Mediated learning is not planned as it occurs naturally and instantaneously when a child interacts with their parents or teachers in their environment Mediation theory is criticized for placing a huge responsibility on the adults as mediating agents for the learning process and the growth of a child but presents the child to play a very passive role in the process. The benefits of this theory is that they provide a learner with an opportunity of becoming responsible individually through connection, ordering and management of the knowledge that have gained in the learning process. The activity of a learner is also very important to ensuring that he grasps the response and employs it to gains more insights on their own developments and organization of knowledge which shapes their lives (Rhodes, 1987:59). There are twelve features of mediation theory. Three of them are essential and apply to all learning situation while the other nine are situation-specific. The three universal features are shared intention, significance and transcendence. The other nine features are a sense of competence, control of behavior, goal setting, challenge, an awareness of change, belief in positive outcomes, spirit of Sharing, individuality and a sense of belonging. Mediation theory helps the learner achieve all the features a learner with the help of the teachers. In the application of

Accounting info system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accounting info system - Essay Example ults to improve targeting marketing activities that will lead to great impact in the next few months .It can help in a transportation company to identify the best prospects for its services. A bus topology or straight line topology is appropriate since all the computers are connected using a single cable, it involve transmission of packet data to all network nodes on the segment .the network is however cheap and simple to install and can be used by a large group of people Using cloud computing connection of wireless device can be difficult normally when it comes to personal devices .it can be expensive to set up on a small scale cloud computing. Data ownership is a problem when it comes to cloud computing especially when you have a lot of data to deal with This is a protocol where messages are divided into packets before they are sent. Each packet is then sent individually which can even follow different routes before reaching to its destination. After the packets forming the message reach at their destination they are then combined to form the original message. For the company there is the primary data which can be obtained from the ground or within the company its self internally .Secondary data is be obtained from other sources that have not been fully analyzed maybe from externally. The company can adopt the user machine system where both human and machines are involved in the performance of some activities in the accomplishment of a goal .The company can also use open system one that interacts with the environment By the use of database it can be of help in that the management can be able to evaluate historical data and be able to know how product have been manufactured in the company hence achieving in product

Issues impeding the reconciliation of South Korea and Japan Research Paper

Issues impeding the reconciliation of South Korea and Japan - Research Paper Example For Hideyoshi’s army to mobilize easily to China, he had to pass through Korea. Hideyoshi deciced to claim Korea by conquest, but with the sole purpose of merely passing through and making the Kingdom of Korea serve under his rule. That expectation did not go as planned as the initially weak Korean defense stiffened as they became more organized and relentless. It is also noted that the Chinese Ming sent an army to support the Koreans in their defense when it was apparent that the Japanese really intended to make a push for China. This bogged down the Japanese’ first invasion attempt. The second attempt to invade Korea was far more brutal as it is noted here: His second invasion of  Korea  was more about saving face than conquest: he wanted to demonstrate to the Chinese that he did not fear them or feel subservient in any way. He also wanted to punish the Koreans for resisting him. In the first invasion he had hopes of winning them over, and thus had ordered his troops to treat civilians well so long as they were compliant. There would be none of this in the second invasion. Hideyoshi wanted the Koreans killed, soldiers and civilians alike, and evidence of the slaughter sent back to him in  Japan. (Hawley, â€Å"The Imjin War: Part 2†) Though the Japanese pushed further in their second invasion attempt, the combined force of the Korean and Ming soldiers halted them, and much of Japan’s defeat was due to the skillful and daring capability of the Korean navy. When Hideyoshi finally died due to illness, the invasion was called off. Centuries after, there was the Japanese imperial expansion prior and during World War II. When Japanese Imperial Forces marched through Korea, they pillaged cities and committed murder on civilian populations. Many Japanese soldiers, out of cruel whim, took many Korean girls and women for their own pleasure. As such, the euphemism "comfort women" (ianfu) was coined by

A new challenge for Trnscraanial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Essay

A new challenge for Trnscraanial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) - Essay Example TMS is a procedure which induces magnetic fields to initiate the activities of the brain. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is based on electromagnetic induction. When compared to the other medical procedures, TMS is safe as it does not cause any side effects. Similar to the concept of electrical and magnetic fields, a stimulating coil is used to treat the affected part of the human brain. The instrument used in TMS is generally designed in such a way that the current flows from both the direction. This ensures that they converge at a particular point where the current from both the sides come to a direct contact. This instrument is placed on the area near the cortex and electrical ray passes through the scalp through the skull. Then this ray reaches the intended area below or above the cortex of the brain. TMS is performed to stimulate the functioning of the brain by stimulating the neurons. Neurons in the human brain perform the activity in a serial fashion. This neuronal activity might get disturbed and TMS is done to enable the neurons to work in a normal manner. (Gerlach, 2007). TMS is generally used when people have problems like memory issues, vision disorders, movement disorders and depression. As TMS stimulates the neurons as well as the other important nerves in the brain, it is effective in treating any sort of mental or physical disorder. TMS can be combined with any other magnetic imaging techniques to get a clear cut picture of a person’s disorder. Picture of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (Depression Treatment, 2010). Benefits of TMS Psychological problems like depression often leave the patient in an agitated state. It has been proved that TMS reduces the level of agitation to a greater extent. People affected by memory problems, concentration issues and problems with paying attention to a particular task. (Desmond, 2006). It is declared as one of the most effective method in treating depression. TMS eradicates the need for relapse as the patients respond to the treatment even during the first week of the treatment phase. This eventually reduces the need for treating them for a longer time. The effects are more as the magnetic rays target the cortex; the neurons near the cortex also get activated. This stimulates the neurons that evoke the activity of other parts of the body. Patient with movement disorder can easily recover as the motor cortex of the brain is automatically activated. (Belmaker, 2007). The functioning of the muscles can also be activated by placing the instrument at a particular place where the respective neurons reside. TMS is also effective in treating other problems like ADHD. ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is mostly found in children and these children suffer from inattentiveness. Patients diagnosed with ADHD might also have problems like depression, behavioral problems and other disorders. (Levy, 2001). They exhibit inattentiveness to any sort of an activity and might h ave difficulty in concentrating on a particular task. Adults affected by ADHD are generally disorganized and they find it difficult to complete a task within the stipulated time. Forgetfulness is also a symptom of ADHD. (Wender, 2000). Some people suffer from emotional disorders as they do not have the ability to deal with frustration. Certain regions of their brain often showed delay in the process of growth and development. The ability to concentrate

Issues impeding the reconciliation of South Korea and Japan Research Paper

Issues impeding the reconciliation of South Korea and Japan - Research Paper Example For Hideyoshi’s army to mobilize easily to China, he had to pass through Korea. Hideyoshi deciced to claim Korea by conquest, but with the sole purpose of merely passing through and making the Kingdom of Korea serve under his rule. That expectation did not go as planned as the initially weak Korean defense stiffened as they became more organized and relentless. It is also noted that the Chinese Ming sent an army to support the Koreans in their defense when it was apparent that the Japanese really intended to make a push for China. This bogged down the Japanese’ first invasion attempt. The second attempt to invade Korea was far more brutal as it is noted here: His second invasion of  Korea  was more about saving face than conquest: he wanted to demonstrate to the Chinese that he did not fear them or feel subservient in any way. He also wanted to punish the Koreans for resisting him. In the first invasion he had hopes of winning them over, and thus had ordered his troops to treat civilians well so long as they were compliant. There would be none of this in the second invasion. Hideyoshi wanted the Koreans killed, soldiers and civilians alike, and evidence of the slaughter sent back to him in  Japan. (Hawley, â€Å"The Imjin War: Part 2†) Though the Japanese pushed further in their second invasion attempt, the combined force of the Korean and Ming soldiers halted them, and much of Japan’s defeat was due to the skillful and daring capability of the Korean navy. When Hideyoshi finally died due to illness, the invasion was called off. Centuries after, there was the Japanese imperial expansion prior and during World War II. When Japanese Imperial Forces marched through Korea, they pillaged cities and committed murder on civilian populations. Many Japanese soldiers, out of cruel whim, took many Korean girls and women for their own pleasure. As such, the euphemism "comfort women" (ianfu) was coined by

The Issue of Automation in Business Practices Research Paper

The Issue of Automation in Business Practices - Research Paper Example   Allen (2001) looks critically at the disadvantages of manual processes. The main demerit of undertaking business operations manually is that it is time-consuming and wastes organizational resources. Take for instance; a highly automated factory can achieve a higher amount of production within a set timeframe compared with when the processes are undertaken manually. Process automation also encourages organizations to reduce the number of workers and subsequently cut the cost of operation. The undeniable fact is that any organization that carries out most of its operations manually can hardly attain the state 2 of cost-efficiency (Allen, 2001). This is because the organization’s limited resources would be squandered on paying wages and maintaining the large number of employees hired to do the long manual processes. The good news is that every step in a business operation can be automated with the use of applicable technology and software for better efficiency. In a big corpo ration or networked organization, it is helpful to implement Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) as a system of coordinating all the sections of operations within an organization through the use of software that necessitate swift communication and higher performance among these sections in real-time (Allen, 2001). Automating with ERP helps organization to cut down the number of human personnel required for a job and eliminate cumbersomeness that often affects human activities within an organization. Most proponents of ERP believe that the system provide a unique opportunity for employees of an organization to harness their potentials in a speedy manner while attending to the goals of their organization. And automation is the backbone on which ERP depends on for successful implementation. 2.2 Value-Added Functionality Automating a process or a set of processes undoubtedly increases the value of the output of such processes. Corcoran et al. (2010) believe that automation affords organi zations the benefits of fastness, sustainability and quantifiable outcomes. In other words, when an operation is automated, it increases the added value to the output in a way of quick delivery and better presentation in environmentally friendly nature that would lead 3 to the output being well accepted by consumers. For example, consumers are likely going to show more interest in organizations that offer quick services and products. Though, how much value automation adds to the quality of a service or product is still an ongoing debate. Bannerman (2008) opines that even though an organization enjoys process improvement, this does not necessarily mean that it will lead to business improvement for the organization. However, Allen (2001) states that improved business operations are likely going to add to the value of the goods and services offered by the concerned organization.  Ã‚  

Discussion Post Essay Example for Free

Discussion Post Essay New Format Requested this week While the format is to be changed thisweek, you are still required to make 3 postings; one original post and comment on two other students post. ORIGINAL POST REQUIREMENTS: You are to apply the major topics covered in the course (finance/accounting, economics, marketing) to your company and provide an analysts report. 1) (Apply Marketing techniques to:) create an interesting, unique or otherwise attractive catch line (humor works great for me! ) as your post title. Make a recommendation (can be here AND in your subject line) (some of you may not feel you have enough experience where your opinion (i. e. , recommendation) is worth something in this world. however note, you may have more experience NOW than some analysts at major investment banking houses! (scary I know! )) 3)(Use your corporate report to:) provide certain and specific quantitative analysis of your company. DONT repeat your entire report. but provide highlights.. as some examples: Net Income rose 20% from 2008-2011 to $1. 35 billion Expenses dropped.  by 15% Shareholder equity (highlights mean outlyers of data.. especially NEGATIVE information 4) (Use some economics learned. predict macro and micro futures).. describe what Macro world events have affected your company (global eco slow-down. price of oil) .. even micro events (consumption among consumers was down due to. )provide sensitivities for world events on your corporation and how it will affect that companys future activities. Provide predictions about future macro economic events and how your company will react going forward. The Network amp; Space Systems segment is engaged in the research, development, production and modification of products and services to assist its customers in transforming their operations through network integration, information, intelligence and surveillance systems, communication, architectures and space exploration. The Global Services amp; Support segment is engaged in the operations, maintenance, training, upgrades and logistics support functions for military platforms and operations. The Boeing Capital Corporation segment facilitates, arranges structures and provides selective financing solutions for its commercial airplanes customers. In the space and defense markets, it primarily arranges and structures financing solutions for its Boeing Defense, Space amp; Security government customers. Its portfolio consists of equipment under operating leases, finance leases, notes and other receivables, assets held for sale or re-lease and investments. The company was founded by William Edward Boeing in 1916 and is headquartered in Chicago, IL. http://www. marketwatch. com/investing/stock/ba/profile 2) The Boeing Company has a long history of providing complex systems and integrated assembly’s to its customers. 3) The Boeing Company is headquartered in Chicago IL. In 1997 Boeing and McDonnell Douglas merged to form what is the Boeing Company of today. This was approximately 1 year after Boeing acquired Rockwell Corporations Space and Defense division. The company has over 249 subsidiaries. The largest competitor on the commercial side is Airbus a division of EDS and the largest competitor on the Defense, Space and Security side is Lockheed Martin with many other companies lining up for second place. In order for Boeing to maintain it’s market share the company has had to continually research and develop new products in both major business units. Notes for special consideration† 1. Cash and cash equivalents increased from $5,359 billion to $10,049 billion from 2010 to 2011 2. Retained Earnings rose from $24,784 billion to $27,524 billion during the period of 2010 to 2011 3. Net Earnings rose from $1.3 billion in 2009 to $4. 02 billion in 2011 4) Boeing is a company that is always going to be challenged. The challengers for the Defense, Space and Security market typically have come from within the US but that is starting to change. EADS which is the largest defense business in Europe is continually trying to enter US ma rkets. Also Airbus which is a subsidiary of EADS is the most prominent competitor in the commercial segment but many countries such as Japan, China, Brazil and Canada are working very hard to position themselves as challengers to the commercial market. This will be a challenge for Boeing and Airbus for the next several decades. Commercial airline customers and airlines will continue to demand enhancements and improvements to the commercial airplanes and the service / cost associated with the. This will continue to drive performance by the manufacturers including Boeing which is the industry leader. The US government acquisition may decline depending on the outcome of the presidential and congressional elections. Boeing and it’s competitors in those markets will look toward no US markets to sell their products. Continued increase in energy and material cost will drive Boeings focus on keeping costs down. 5) Research and development are the single most important factor in keeping Boeing relevant for the future. Research and development expense amounted to $3. 9 billion, $4. 1 billion and $6.5 billion in 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. In 2009 this included $2. 7 billion alone for the new 787 commercial aircraft. Research and development costs also include bid and proposal efforts related to governme nt products and services, as well as costs incurred in excess of amounts estimated to be recoverable under cost sharing research and development agreements. Bid and proposal costs were $332 million, $355 million and $343 million in 2011, 2010 and 2009 respectively. Ramp;D within the Defense, Space and Security business unit is primarily focused on supporting customer requirements and providing new technologies to meet the needs of military, security and space agencies.

Challenges to Governance and Leadership in Africa

Challenges to Governance and Leadership in Africa It is undeniable the fact that governance and its progeny, leadership, pervades every aspect of human life and existence. In nations, organizations, families and wherever human life is found, these two variables exist in one form or the other. It is also a truism, that there exists a huge governance and leadership gap in many countries in the world, especially, in Africa. The slow pace of Africa’s development is concomitant to this governance and leadership predicament. A 1989 World Bank report on the topic â€Å"SubSaharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth: A Long-Term Perspective Study† affirms this position by stating that â€Å"underlying the litany of Africa’s development problems is a crisis of governance† (p60). In a similar way, Walumba et al posited that â€Å"while African countries are richly endowed with all manner of natural resources, their economic performance since independence has been generally abysmal with a few exceptions† (426). They further argued that â€Å"ultimately a country’s economic performance is contingent on the effectiveness of its leadership† (425). These assertions, dispassionately underscores the governance and leadership predicament in Africa. Consequently, this essay seeks to discuss some of the reasons why governance and leadership still remain a big challenge in Africa, and also proffer ways to alleviate these bottlenecks, respectively. To begin with, this essay would want to point out that several reasons contribute to why governance is impoverished in Africa, especially in the Sub-Saharan region. These reasons include the wrong form of governance the continent practises as a result of colonialism, selfish leadership, weak institutions, and too much foreign interference on the continent. First and foremost, it is not a ruse that the governance and leadership challenge Africa faces is an upshot of the wrong form of governance the continent is practising or being coerced to practise. Historical evidence have shown that, many years ago, before Africa was colonised by the Europeans, Africans governed themselves through the chiefs, clan and family heads, etc and the form of government they practised was gerontocracy and monarchy. These systems of governance as practised by these pre-colonial Africans had its root in their cultural and religious beliefs. Thus, governance and religion/culture were intricately interwoven. Yet, after being colonised, the Europeans forced their form of government on the indigenous people. These forms of government, which are the different forms of democracy we see around the world nowadays, had obstructive and damaging consequences on the religio-cultural orientation of the indigenous people. However, the colonial masters turned a blind eye on these developments. Decades after Africa gained independence, these colonial forms of governance are still being practised in Africa, with much complicatedness. This is simply because, the cultural and religious underpinnings of the African orientation of what governance is, and should be is different from those of the colonial masters. As Africans, our cultural upbringing upholds, fundamentally, communalism which is expressed in our proverbs, religion, folklores, songs, and mythology. In a sharp contrast, the colonial masters’ form of governance had as its foundation, capitalism. Hence, putting the square peg in the round hole has led to the current governance and leadership challenge in Africa. African leaders are thorn between satisfying their people based on tradition and pleasing their colonial masters because of the carrot and stick model of diplomacy they (colonial masters) employ. This complexity is the basis of the governance and leadership predicament in Africa. Moreover, selfish leadership is a major setback to good governance in Africa, and the underdevelopment of the continent. Post-independent Africa has seen the rise of selfish, stomach-driven and inconsiderate leaders. Some came to power through coup d’à ©tats, amidst shedding of innocent bloods, destruction of infrastructure left for the continent by the colonial masters, and looting of the wealth of these African nations. These leaders used the power they ceased to amass as much wealth as they could for themselves, their families and cohorts at the detriment of their nation’s development. Obviously, these leaders had no expertise or knowledge about governance or effective management, hence the worsening of the socio-economic lives of their country, and countrymen. Principles of fundamental human rights were not honoured, while individual, ideological, partisan or even labour dissent were strongly stamped out. The result was regimes’ collapse either internally or externally engineered between 1963 and 1966, and which attracted international outcry against the governance style of post independence Africa- Leaders. The other set of leaders, who supposedly were elected to lead their countries, were of no significant difference from their predecessors. Most of these leaders only have as their aim, the comfort and satisfaction of themselves and their families at the disadvantage of the populace. They had no clear vision for their countries. Democratic rule, in their various countries, witnessed horrible governance style, mismanagement of resources and propagation of self-aggrandizement. Undoubtedly, the leaders Africa has had after independence, under the guise of liberating their people, have rather contributed to the free-fall/underdevelopment of their countries. This they did by their profligate spending, inept management of state resources and infrastructure, and visionless governance. Furthermore, weak institutions since independence have contributed significantly to the governance and leadership predicament in Africa. After most African countries gained independence, instead of the leadership to focus on building strong institutions, where in their absence, those institutions could work to achieve the development they sought for which reason they fought of independence, they rather built strong personalities and empire around themselves. This phenomenon has continued perpetually till now. In Africa today, there is the practise of â€Å"rule by law† not â€Å"rule of law†. This is because, people in authority (government) use their power, position and influence to tweak institutions in their favour when it comes to matters of the law. Institutions cannot hunt certain individuals in society nowadays because those people are above the law. This phenomenon which is brought about by the partisan politics we practise, have corrupted majority of the state institutions in Africa. It has made justice, accountability, transparency and fairness a fairy tale, simply untenable. Institutions in Africa are simply weak and frivolous. Adding to the non-functional institutions is a collection of skewed and corrupt civil society organizations. Instead of these civil societies to be a watchdog of the populace to strengthen state and institutional efficiency, most of them are pursuing partisan agenda. Even more, too much interference of foreign nations on the continent is worrying and highly destructive. This phenomenon is as a result of globalization. Virtually every decision and every action that most African leaders make, is contingent on the approval of their pay masters, the foreign nations. These foreign nations come into the continent in de guise of helping develop it, but with the mindset of draining the natural and human resource of the continent. They determine for us almost everything, from economic policies, to education, to religion, to who should lead the country etc. The ordinary African has a limited stake in deciding for himself and in helping build his country or continent. The Constitutions’ in most African countries rarely exists due to rule by foreign powers. The ordinary African is not consulted on any issue as power is in the hands of these overlords while our leaders only serve as errand agents to ensure compliance of their subjects.

Mutations of the Superoxide Dismutase Gene are Associated with Amyotrop

Recent studies have provided some insight for the possible causes of the familial type of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). This disease occurs only in 10% of the known cases of ALS with the sporadic, non-hereditary form being predominant [7, 9]. ALS in general has an occurrence of 0.4 to 1.8 per 100,000 live births [1]. ALS has been called Lou Gehrig’s disease, Charcot’s disease and motor neuron disease in other literature [4]. ALS is a neurodegenerative disease of upper and lower motor neurons that can manifest in such a way that it can be misdiagnosed. Such areas include respiratory muscles with initial diagnosis of asthma, or even psychological problems that appear as a dementia [7]. The primary manifestations are not restricted to any certain area of the body. FALS is inherited autosomally as a dominant trait [9,12,13,17]. It exhibits heterogeneity and may not be present in a consecutive generation [1]. It is diagnosed usually near the age of fifty and ranges f rom 20-72 years [9,17]. Most patients are given a prognosis of 5 years of life after diagnosis [5]. It has also been proposed that the juvenile form may be recessive. There is a predominance of maternal transmission in later onset and paternal transmission in early onset [9]. The bulk of this paper will deal with the SOD1 gene mutations as the proposed cause for some types of FALS. Many other hypothesis have been developed and will be briefly addressed at this point. Autoimmune disease and mutations in the glutamate receptor are other proposed causes. Autoimmune disease has been studied as a possible agent for the cause of FALS [6]. Supportive evidence includes the deficiency of IgG1 or IgG3 or both in 16/25 observed patients; subclass deficiency could... .... 12. Maurelli, M., Marchioni, E. Familial adult amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: report of cases. Ital. J. Neurol. Sci., 1992, 13:75-79. 13. Mulder, D. W., Kurland, L. T. Familial adult motor neuron disease: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology, Apr 1986, 36:511-517. 14. Norris, F. H.., Burns, W. Spinal fluid cells and protein in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch. Neurol., May 1993, 50:489-491. 15. Ostermeyer-Shoaib, B. IgG subclass deficiency in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand., 1993, 87:192-194. 16. Rosen, O. R,, Siddiquem T. Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature, 4Mar 1993, 362:59-62. 17. Strong, M. J., Hudson, A. J. Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 1850-1989: A statistical analysis of the world literature. Can. J. Neural. Sci., 1991, 18: 45-58.

Guilt in the Scarlet Letter

Undoubtedly, Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth had all committed sin in one form or another, but Chillingworth’s sin lies on a much larger scale because while Hester and Dimmesdale repent for their sin Chillingworth fails to even recognize his own. Throughout The Scarlet Letter, the author illustrates Chillingworth’s transformation towards a devilish personality. This transformation is fueled by what becomes Chillingworth’s obsession for revenge through the psychological torture of Reverend Dimmesdale.Furthermore, because Chillingworth has allowed himself to become consumed with his thirst for revenge he himself has committed a sin, and although Hester and Dimmesdale have both sinned, their sin does not carry a similar weight to that of Chillingworth’s sin. Hester and Dimmesdale have sinned against themselves; their sin does not, directly or indirectly, affect those around them. Chillingworth, on the other hand, purposefully torments Dimmesdale and thr ough this torture he externalizes his sin.The sense of the harmful nature about Chillingworth’s sin would be further developed in saying that Hester and Dimmesdale’s was born out of love, Chillingworth’s came from spite. A sin directed to harm someone is certainly more inhumane than a sin that came out of love. Another point, which further intensifies the magnitude of Chillingworth’s sin, is his lack in ability to forgive those around him. Chillingworth continually exacerbates Dimmesdale’s pain until the day he dies and even on his dying day Dimmesdale makes it a point to forgive Chillingworth’s sin.This places further shame on Chillingworth’s sin because he has yet to realize that, even though Dimmesdale may deserve to be shown justice, he was in the wrong as well and that there should be a mutual form of forgiveness. Because Chillingworth is lacks the ability to be forgiving, which may in turn explain the oversight of his own sins, he does not come forth seeking forgiveness in the community, in his victim, or in God. Both Hester and Dimmesdale sought public forgiveness for their sin which shows willingness for change on their part. Chillingworth, however, did not.Hester, from the very beginning, accepted her punishment with dignity. She did not give up the father of the child and continued her stoicism throughout the book, saying that when she had served her punishment it was not up to those in a local position of power to say so and that when her time was up it would simply just fall off. Dimmesdale’s last efforts were put forth into seeking public forgiveness. The words he spoke to the people explaining his sin were near the last words he said before he dies which could be said to be portrayed as almost noble.However, Chillingworth would never admit he was also at fault of wrongdoing. This stubbornness further plays into his transformation into a devil like figure. Chillingworth’s sin was born out of an evil spite for Dimmesdale, thus making his sin inherently evil where as Dimmesdale and Hester bore a sin out of love. This contrast, along with Chillingworth’s self-consuming quest for revenge serves to illustrate his transformation towards the devil. This highlights his sin as the lowest of the three

Good managers are born or made Essay

It is quite clear that effective management is a crucial part of any business’ organisational strategy and effective managers are the ones create an effective management system. The argument about â€Å"good managers are made or born† is continuing for decades since and the role of managers is concerned. But the idea is changing through time. Nowadays, technology and management skills have continued to develop; managers are required to be consistently followed up and updated themselves to fit in. With this perspective, I strongly believe that managers are well-trained through experience and training processes to really become â€Å"good† ones. That is why organisations spend millions of dollar on leadership training processes to create a good management system for their business. The purpose of this report is to support the idea that â€Å"good managers are made†, sale manager in here is used as a model to support my argument. Read more:  The person you admire essay To discuss further more about â€Å"born† or â€Å"made†, we should have a brief idea what are characteristics of a good manager. There are two points of view about an effective sale manager’s characteristics, one is from sale managers and one is from sale representatives. In a research of Deeter-Schmelz, Goebel, and Kennedy (2008), they found that nine over eleven attributes of an effective manager are agreed by both points of view: communication and listening skills, human relations skills, organisation and time management skills, knowledge possession, coaching skills, motivational skills, honest and ethical tendencies, selling skills, leadership skills, willingness to empower, and adaptability (Deeter-Schmelz, Goebel, and Kennedy, 2008). Those skills listed above are all required an amount of time to learn, to train and to adapt them. Good managers are not born with all those characteristics, they are the one who are able to improve themselves, who are able to change every day to â€Å"make† themselves better and better. It is suggested that managers should have their own training programs to really learning and developing their own skills (Vazzana and Jordan, 2012). For a long time, organisations only focus on training the front line employees and ignore managers’ learning processes. Managers have been through a lot of trainings of their team members but themselves are suffering on correcting and learning skills of a true leader (Vazzana and Jordan, 2012). That is why from managers’ perspective they believe that they are more participating in  front line staff’s activities rather than being supportive as their members need them to be (Deeter-Schmelz, Goebel, and Kennedy, 2008). So why do we waste all the time and money to find new managers when we can train them to be more effective and more supportive. There are specific skills that different levels of managers have to learn. As lower-level managers, there should be more training programs about company knowledge, company policies or time management, etc. (Deeter-Schmelz, Goebel, and Kennedy, 2008). That is not enough for a manager, coaching and mentoring are also very imp ortant part to put in training programs. But they are less effective when managers are to learn in an inactive way, in which they listen and remember, not actually acting it. So another useful way is discovered. Higher-level managers will share experiences and train the newer to develop skills. Managers will help their colleagues to improve and become better. With these interactions every day, every week, managers can see, learn and practice at the same time (Manikutty, 2005). This is a very effective way because those people interacts closely at work and they all have experience, it will enhance managers’ knowledge and skills quickly, and also enhance relationship among organisation. After learning all the values of the organisation and starting to adopt all the skills, managers can come to a higher position and learning more skills. In an organisation, there will be a higher-level leader/ manager that you admire and believe. That person will be the one who create a powerful atmosphere to people around them and also a very strong relief. That â€Å"charisma† mentioned above is very important for characteristics of a manager/ leader in the head office of an organisation. M. Ale xander Kuhn (2012) believed that â€Å"charisma was not a gift or innate ability, but a skill to be developed and refined as part of a leader’s repertoire†. Charismatic leaders are different from others in three areas. The first are is articulation. A great manager has to have a clear, understandable and powerful statement come together with a leader’s tone. Second is branding. Standing in the head office of an organisation, a high level manager has to create their own real reputation such as healthy lifestyle, consistent working attitude, etc. This will support manager’s statement to be more powerful and realistic that makes his staff to listen. Third area is affection. If a person is not really sure about what he believes, he cannot persuade other people to believe it like him. So a  charismatic leader really has a strong belief in the organisation’s value, in the direction that they make up to encourage their staff working hard toward it. It is also about caring others’ opinions. A manager affects his employee but there will be the time that he stops and listening to others’ perspective. Balance between that will lead to a successful way of management (Kuhn, 2012). A very practical example is Disney. In 2011, Walt Disney was ranked by CNN Money as the third most admired company in the world for people management. It is quite clear that the organisation had created a great base of effective managers to achieve that. The leaders must encourage their cast members (staff) to connect emotionally with customers whether they are on stage or back stage. Former Walt Disney CEO, Michael Eisner say that Walt Disney World is driven by an â€Å"emotional engine† rather than an â€Å"economic engine†. The current CEO, Bob Iger shared his opinion about being a leader â€Å"You’ve got to be an optimist. You can’t be a pessimist. When you come to work, you’ve got to show enthusiasm and spirit. You can’t let people see you brought down by the experience of failure. You don’t have that luxury. I believe in taking big risks creatively. If you fail, don’t do it with mediocrity—do it with something that was truly original, truly a risk†. All the methodology that are listed above is to gradually create a â€Å"good† manager. A normal person still can become a manager but to become a â€Å"good† one, he needs to put a lot of effort to study and to learn day by day. Organisations nowadays spend a lot of money on developing programs for managers to help them improve their skills. That is why I strongly believe that good managers are made. They are made from their effort of learning effectively. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ignatius, A & Iger, RA 2011, ‘Technology, tradition and the Mouse’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 89, no. 7, pp. 112-117. Deeter-Schmelz, Goebel, Kennedy, 2008, ‘what are the characteristics of an effective sales manager? An exploratory study comparing salesperson and sales manager perspectives’, Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, Vol.28, Issue 1, pp. 7-20. Vazzana, Jordan, Jun2012, ‘your guide to developing sales managers: how to effectively maximise neglected talent’, Vol. 66, Issue 6, p34-43. Manikutty, 2005, ‘manager as a trainer, a coach and a mentor’, vol.30, issue 2, p57-64. Kuhn, 2012, ‘charismatic leaders’, vol.29, issue7, p20-20.

Great Migration

Beginning 1910 and leading through the end of the 1920’s, a â€Å"Great Migration† took place int he United States where more than 2 million African Americans moved from the Southern United States to the Midwest, Northeast and West. Much of the movement was a response to the high levels of racism in the South as well as employment opportunities in the growing industrial cities. The results of this movement not only affected the current economic climate but also led to many changes that would continue to evolve for generations to come.This essay is designed to provide a deeper understanding of the migration in order to hopefully provide insight into much of the culture we encounter in today’s society. As we explore the deeper reasoning behind the sudden migration of African Americans to the more urbanized locations of America, we must first consider the increased level of racism in the South of this time. â€Å"The primary factor for migration was the racial clim ate and widespread violence of lynching in the South. †1 With the Jim Crow laws being in effect, much of the idea of â€Å"separate but equal† facilities for African Americans was terribly skewed. In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were usually inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages. †2 Through these disadvantages, a higher level of oppression was then conveniently enforced on African Americans of the South including voting restrictions, separation of schools and job restrictions. During and World War 1, the industries of the North began to grow significantly due to the needs of the war.As industries grew, so did the job market. With the increase in job openings and the restrictions placed on immigration to the United States, blacks from the South found opportunity to escape the harsh economic climate of the South. Looking at the growth of the cities, a connect ion is made with the railroad locations. â€Å"People tended to take the cheapest rail ticket possible. This resulted in, for example, many people from Mississippi moving directly north to Chicago, from Alabama to Cleveland and Detroit, and Louisiana to California. 1 With this mass movement, came a huge cultural shift among African Americans. Having better opportunities in industries away from the failing farming market, fighting in the Great War, and forming new communities away from the more severely oppressive South brought about a level of pride in their black culture, much of this leading to riots and protesting among African American groups. Even before the war, African Americans had stepped up protests against discrimination.The NAACP â€Å"fought school segregation in Northern cities during the 1920s and lobbied hard, though unsuccessfully, for a federal anti-lynching bill. †3 With the continued growth of black pride, it soon found its cultural expression in the â₠¬Å"Harlem Renaissance–the first self-conscious literary and artistic movement in African American history. During the 1920s, Harlem became the capital of black America, attracting black intellectuals and artists from across the country and the Caribbean. Soon, the Harlem Renaissance was in full bloom. †3Because African American migrants maintained much of their Southern culture and speech patterns, such differences created a sense of â€Å"otherness† in terms of their acceptance by others who were living in the cities before them. â€Å"Stereotypes ascribed to â€Å"black† people during this period and ensuing generations often derived from African American migrants' rural cultural traditions, which were maintained in stark contrast to the urban environments in which the people resided. †1 Many of these stereotypes are known and enforced even in todays society showing the underlying effect of racism in a culture years down the road.The Great Migrati on’s effects on our culture both political, economic and sociologically have effected much of where we are today. In hopes of branching even further from our tainted past, we must learn from it. â€Å"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. â€Å"4 -George Santayana Sources: 1. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American) 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws 3. http://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/database/article_display. cfm? HHID=443 4. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/George_Santayana

Business insurance and how it affact on the taxes Essay

Business insurance and how it affact on the taxes - Essay Example The tax on insurance premium does not in reality have an effect on the individual policy holder in drastic ways. The more flourishing an insurance cover provider is, the higher their taxation on the insurance premium. Both IRS publication 334 (small business tax guide) and IRS publication 535(business expenses) are readily available in the internet and are a perfect resource for many business owners. Certain types of enterprises should be cautious, and make sure they get skilled tax assistance when they are preparing their income and when they are listing their premium deductions. This is as a result of the tax avoidance schemes which have been caught by IRS over the years. These unscrupulous people have made taxation in businesses exceedingly difficult no for everyone i.e. even for the fair tax payers. There is two common set of laws that are usually applied during the deduction of premiums. One of these laws is that insurance premiums have to be to the advantage of the enterprise and should be intended for a business purpose. The other is that, insurance covers benefitting groups e.g. managers, employees and owners alike and identifying the enterprise, are good. Those premiums that are paid for the advantage of one, normally the owner of the business are bad. There are a number of commonly accepted premium deductions. One of these is credit insurance. Credit insurance is used to cover losses from bad debts for business in order for it to continue running its activities. Another one is group hospitalization and employees’ medical insurance. This one also includes the long term care insurance. Liability insurance is also another one. It helps to protect the business from any losses which would arise from the liabilities within the business. Malpractice insurance also accepts premium deduction. This insurance covers one on personal liabilities for professional

Project for safty 411 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 13750 words

Project for safty 411 - Essay Example Instances of hazards are flooding, heavy precipitation and human based hazards as arson and terrorism. Hazard analysis involves the recognition of a hazard that might arise from a system or from the system’s environment. The unwanted consequences from the hazard are documented and their potential causes analysed. In the hazard identification and risk assessment, there is involvement of critical sequence of information gathering as well as decision making process application. The underlying objectives beneath hazard analysis entail the identification of a hazard, identification of its cause and identification of the risks involved. Hazard analysis techniques involves the following analysis: function failure, event tree, failure modes and effects, and fault tree. Documentation of hazard analysis outcomes are done in Hazard Log and Hazard Analysis Report. Risk assessment on the other hand provides employers and employees with objective knowledge and understanding of the involved risks in their faculty. Furthermore, risk assessment sees to it that practical effect is provided to the employer’s safety report philosophy. For a risk assessment to be considered effective it should involve processes of analysis, debating, knowledge and information generation on major accident risks as well as their control means. Risk management encompass risk assessment as it generally identifies, assesses, and popularizes risks. An examination of occupational health and safety problems reveal that injury rate is significantly affected by the type and effort of OHS management. Occupational accidents are most effectively reduced by firms that complement traditional technique preventive activities with people. In the development of exposure control plan, it is important to consider engineering controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipment. Examples of controls for infectious diseases with

The horse as a compainion of human being Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The horse as a compainion of human being - Essay Example To date, animal domestication has become a common phenomenon across the world. People in various communities around the world domesticate a wide range of animals for various purposes. The level of intimacy between animals and humans varies across societies and animal species. This paper analyzes the human and animal interrelationships from domestication era to present. There is no clear definition of what constitutes the bond between animal and humans. However, it is evident that the relationship between animals and humans is based on various factors. This relationship could be for predatory purpose of economic dependence, companionship, sporting purposes and domestication, among others. However, many scholars perceive human animal relationship as the companionship between animals and humans. Across history, human beings have had a wide range of relationships with animals. Evidently, humans use animals for various purposes. This significantly determines their relationships with such animals. According to Price (23) the relationship between human and animals varies depending on the significance of the animals to human life. In this regard, humans express no interest in animals that are perceived to be irrelevant to their lives. Based on this assumption, hunting societies tend to express a great interest in their animals. In such societies, people develop significant cultural practices that are aimed at ensuring their success while hunting. On the other hand, people in pastoralist societies develop a close relationship with animals that they depend on for their cultural and physical survival. In such communities, humans develop intimate relationship with their animas, usually cattle. This also the case with nomadic and those people who domesticate animals for subsistence and other commercial purposes. In addition, people who use their animal for work or sporting activities tend to develop close relationships with these animals. Research has also ascertained that the extent to which an animal impact on the survival of humans significantly influences the relationships between humans and these animals (Price 61). It is generally accepted that the more dependent people are on certain animals for survival, the more close their relationship with these animals are. For instance, modern commercial farmers may find animals important for their economic survival. For this reason, they tend to develop a strong bond and close relationship with these animals. Even so, the number of these animas may prohibit the bond and close relationship between humans and the animals. At this point, it is important and necessary to analyze the relationship between animals and humans within the above mentioned societies. In hunter-gathering societies, people tend to depend on a wide range of animas and plants for their daily survival. They depend on animals such as fish, birds, insects, reptiles and other mammals. For the humans to successfully and effectively utilize t hese animals in such societies, they have to possess a fully understanding of the behavior of such animals. Usually, this knowledge is transferred across generations (Dolins,112) For instance, in such societies, they need to understand that when it comes to harvesting honey, they have to know when the honey will be available, how to access the bee nests and how to harvest the honey while