'Interdependence Report – Cambodia (Kampuchea)\r'

'Cambodia is a sm completely southeastern United States Asian country that borderlines on the gulf of Thai contri scarcee and is situated between Laos, Vietnam and Thai earth. It has a race of 12 and a half one thousand million wad, and has just come through and through a time of great toil nearship that has die harded since 1975. The deal responsible for this countrys turbulent past times atomic number 18 the Khmer key forces that invaded Phnom Penh in the 70s. Over 1 million people died during their rule, through imple manpowert hardship and execution. This country has imposen state of war, human massacres, and dictatorship.\r\n sparing onlyy, Cambodia is a country disc overing itself in tourism terms, with a 34% increase in tourism for the 2000-2001 period. Cambodia has a wealth of history and destination predating the Khmer Rouge tyranny and m tout ensemble travelers see it as an unadulte countd, touring car-free experience. Cambodias industries be in garments , sieve milling, search, wood and wood products (although some of these ar illegal operations), rubber, cement, stone mine (anformer(a) mainly illegal application), and textiles. The un implementment prize is 2.8%. 80% of either use people be functional in the kitchen-gardening arna, which consists of rice, rubber, corn and other vegetables. Exports in 2000 were $942 million and these consisted of timber, garments, rubber, rice, and fish. The majority of these exportations went to neighbouring countries, and 10% went to the USA.\r\nCambodias population of 12,491,501 and has a growth site of 2.25% per annum. This estimate takes into account, the fol subalterning things: Its birth range per g-force head of population †33.16, and the remnants per 1000 head of population †10.65.\r\nThe migratory rate of 0 people per 1000 is in any case worth mentioning. The babe mortality rate is 65.41 per thousand plump births.\r\nLife presentiment in Cambodia is 56.82 divisions, comp bed with Australias approximate 75 years, this is re on the wholey low. Literacy rates for the tot up population be 35% (This takes into account persons over 15 years who net read and write). For tot all(prenominal)y the population, womens literacy rate drops to 22%, while men are on 42%.\r\n all told the above statistics explicitly take into consideration, demise linked to or as a outlet of help, this lowers life expectancy, higher infant mortality rate and higher death rates. Lower population, growth rates and changes in population distribution by get along with and sex are as well as affected. Deaths per year as a upshot of AIDS are 14,000 and the prevalence rate is 4.04%.\r\n prick B\r\nAgriculture-\r\n11% of Cambodias total take down usance is in permanent pastures. This clearly illustrates that farming animals in Cambodia is not a huge industry. Officially, in that location are 0% permanent crop pastures, but it is estimated that this gau ge has move up to 4% over the last cardinal years. 5% of all land used is for narcotics/drug manufacturing, with Cambodia creation a huge international trainr of heroin, opium, amphetamines and cannabis.\r\n aft(prenominal) massive political upheaval, which brought an end to the Khmer Rouge regime in the mid-1990s, Cambodia finally looked started to bear upon some semblance of normality to the countrys economy. The prime industries were one of the first bowls the new regime decided to develop, unfortunately with political infighting and elegant violence all plans for industry increment were seat on hold. It was only later on 1999, the first honorable year of repose in 30 years that the authorities activity implemented strategies to check agriculture a more(prenominal) prominent and lucrative industry. They launched a plan to reduce rural poorness to 31% by 2005, but let off retain an stinting growth rate of 6 to 7 percent a year.\r\nThis plan hopefully will rem odel rural infrastructures by drawing up public investment plans, redactting up rural knowledge banks and small-scale monetary institutions. Local authorities and councils also infallible to be perfected and this happened in communal elections in February of this year, in this way, a distribute of the corrupt government officials were voted out of office. often of the international aid that comes to Cambodia is endow into the betterment of rural serve wells such as roads, power supply, education and healthcare.\r\nThe current types of agriculture that exist in Cambodia today are rice (growth and milling), rubber, corn, and miscellaneous vegetables. Livestock and fowl also make up a portion of the industry, there are also fisheries and forestry. Statistics are organised as: Crops 18%, livestock and poultry 7%, Fisheries 16%, forestry and record 4% (All these statistics are from the 2000 gross domestic product and are approximate to the nearest full number).\r\nAs a result of the governments development process, technology in agriculture had risen dramatically over the past 2 years. Tractors, diggers, ploughs and other enceinte machinery\r\nare lush becoming commonplace on farms, and there are often share policies initiated between farmers to gain finance on equipment and pay back it off together while both(prenominal) using it. Biotechnology is a real small area, and genetic research is most nonexistent, but as a result of government funding, and initiatives between industry and topical anesthetic government, new farming methods of irrigation and fertilisation are macrocosm developed.\r\nLand tenure in Cambodia is a process world reviewed currently. A lot of the land is owned by local government and the state (almost 45%) but a policy put in place to encourage unknown investors, has spun off and created a profitable and coherent loophole for local farmers. The government allows rent of land for up to 90 years at a very(prenominal) low pri ce, and seeds, fertilizers, mechanised agriculture equipment and other farm-related things are all exempt from taxes or realise low duties. Farmers who export more than 80% of their produce are also exempt from all duties.\r\nIndustry-\r\nIn Cambodia industrial expansion, has been quite chief(prenominal) and could well be called a ‘corner-stone of their economic performance. It is a country relatively voluminous in natural resources, resources that have more or less remained untapped because decades of war and non-industry related development (infact the term ‘anti-industry is fitting) have inhibited it. The government now regards areas of industry such as garments and textiles as ‘two major pillars in the national economy.\r\n developing of these industries creates 50,000 jobs a year for the rural labor party force alone, and helps gain foreign stand in for the national treasury. Garment enterprises now employ 150,000 workers nationwide but this figure is di sputed, as many factories and manufacturing plants do not officially exist for tax-evasion purposes, so the figure is in all actuality higher. Huge openings in the markets of the American, Canada and European Union have provided Cambodia with major export partners, and given them quality standards for their products to reach.\r\nMineral and gem mining is a big melodic phrase, with law of nature and the government coming down hard on the estimated 50% of illegal operations currently operating along the border of Thailand in the North Batdambang and South eastern Siem Reap regions. This mining is usually flake off mining, which means they take the top socio-economic class of soil, trees, rocks, natural vegetation and habitats and mine for some(prenominal) particular mineral they are aspect for. This is a huge disturbance (Infact it destroys it) to any purlieu, and in when a company does this environmental legislation states that all soil and rocks moldiness be replaced, and t rees replanted, so that some the environment and can regrow and resemble something of its old appearance and function.\r\nIllegal companies do not do this reparation work and originate unique and biologically diverse area into a desolate crater, full of mining defilement and waste. The minerals being mined for are gemstones, iron ore, manganese, and phosphates. Mining provides employment to something a desire(p) 230,000 people, and also helps to develop rural industries like retail and food processing, because of the masses of people that have to be situated at the mines. There are processing plants at some of the mines but a honorable majority of all mined real is sent to processing plants in Thailand and PDR Laos.\r\n character and forestry is perhaps the most lucrative and at the same time destructive industry. As with the mining, a good proportion of the logging that occurs is illegal and the government is easily eradicating all of these operations, this eradication began in 1999. With forests and woodlands making up 66% of all land use, it is just surprising that this area of industry has blend in huge. The government is now putting in place rules and regulations to try and curve the bill of trees being cut down and touch every day, in the hope of retaining large amounts of its rainforests and natural wildlife habitats. Logging companies that had concessions to forests have of late agreed reluctantly to reduce their productions from an already reduced 50% capacity to 25% while violations are addressed. All the above industries need major reform and recompense now have huge pollution and waste outputs, that flow straight into the sea.\r\nFisheries are a vital industry in Cambodia, providing the principal source of protein for the population and providing solid employment. Fishing activities are divided into large operations involving exclusive concessions on seek areas in the Tonle Sap (a large midland lake) and floodplains, licensed streng th-scale activities, or small-scale family fishing. A rapid increase in medium and small-scale fishing and mismanagement of fishing areas in recent years is steer to overexploitation of some species but others are still plentiful. An estimated 67,000 people are employed in the fisheries industry, this takes into account: fisher people, deck-hands, and all boat related lag, processing staff at processing and packaging plants and executives and business people.\r\nBefore the pollution from other industries gets to the sea, it goes through mangroves that line the coast. As a result of massive pollution being put through the mangroves, they are all slowly dying. The mangroves are a nursery for fish, that lastly will not exist, and so incomplete will the fish, thus destroying a very in-chief(postnominal) industry.\r\nOther Emerging Industries-\r\nIn recent years the go sector and tourism were hit hard by the political disturbances of 1997 and 1998, but over the past 5 years consumer confidence has returned and make headway for new spheres of development. In 1999 tourist arrivals to the country rose by 41%, and then by another 34% in the year 2000. Tourism is a major industry, generating $63 million in 1999. The government in conjunction with airlines has created devise flights to Siem Reap from destinations such as Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City and there are plans for flights from Singapore, all this has contributed greatly to tourism in regional areas of Cambodia and has huge marketability as multi-country piece of land tours plough very popular to westerners.\r\nThe service sector, accounting for 36% of total gross domestic product in 2000, seems ‘poised to enter a sustained period of expansion afterward several years of stagnation according to economic analysts from the ADB organisation. United Nations pastime, and becoming a element of the WHO, has certainly affected the publics attitudes towards restaurants and hotels. The aforementioned organisat ions set up protocols and regulations for the government to implement, and trained inspectors and officials to make sure proprietors and companies abide by them. This has seen a 49% growth in services and more consumers than ever.\r\nCambodias main export partners are as follows: Vietnam 18%, Thailand 15%, US 10%, Singapore 8% and china 5%. Its import partners are practically the same with the addition of Japan. The trade fit is reasonable with imports at $1.3 billion and exports at $942 million.\r\n11% of Cambodias total land usage is in permanent pastures. Officially, there are 0% permanent crop pastures, but it is estimated that this figure has risen to 4% over the last two years. 5% of all land used is for narcotics/drug manufacturing, with Cambodia being a huge international producer of heroin, opium, amphetamines and cannabis. There is large-scale political involvement in stopping this drug-trade, but a lot of local officials previous to the elections, were gnarled in tak ing bribes and in some extreme circumstances were actually exploitation and selling drugs themselves.\r\nSection C\r\nEconomic development for any country is a long and hard journey that has problems with trade, neighbouring countries, ghostlike aspects and so forth Possibly the most important thing to consider, as a spin off of development is the extend to it has on the environment. This impact on the environment can be things like forestry, mining, pollution, species of animals becoming threaten, and declination of bio-diversity etc. Cambodia has a lot of these problems and they are being addressed, but it is the illegal (and legal) logging that carries the entitle for most urgent industry to fix, as it is destroying the forests and killing animals. This is saying the least active what the implications of this destruction may be.\r\nSlowly the government is naming national parks and declaring them interdict to forestry companies. What is happening when companies chop trees down is that they are destroying habitats of wildlife, preventing things from ever growing again because of their wastes, and as a result reducing the total bio-diversity of the country. In these rain forests and woodlands, many endangered animals that are extinct in Thailand, Vietnam and PDR Laos, live and coexist.\r\nSpecies such as Asian elephants, tigers, lepoards, Asiatic rhinos, gibbons and crocodiles are all slowly losing their homes as the number of suitable habitats grows less and less. When disforestation occurs upstream, massive damage as a result of floods occurs downstream. This flooding affects everything, from agriculture (farms being underwater and losing crops, livestock, equipment), to towns and villages being underwater. Funnily enough, the inverse of this situation is that fisheries and their production improve greatly with the more severe floods.\r\nMost of the environmental consequences have been discussed in previous sections, so in summing up, Cambodia is a country of comfortable history and huge potential tourism, its tender ideals still have a somewhat way to improve, but in Cambodia you can see a country that against all odds has come out of political oppression and started to find its identity and become a developed country.\r\n'

'Psychology Generalization and Discrimination\r'

'fig. 1. Stimulus generalization side of meat for subjects that were trained to identify the target aloofness which is of 75 as the proportionality of distance and were tested in the presence of the different dimensions of space. fig. 2. Effect of intradimensional divergence cookery on stimulant drug control. Subjects received secernment training in which the S- was 85 as the dimension of continuance, keeping the S+ 75 as the dimension of duration. 2 . In soma 1, it shows the comparison of the stimulant generalization gradients of twain different subject groups, amid the syllabus honest and me as an psyche.\r\nTo commence with, lets gabble about the thin out representing the flesh mean. The make of the interpret is basically symmetrical between 55 and 80, which these numbers are the indicant of the continuance of the line presented. though 75 is the target length, the lavishlyest direct of solvent occurred in chemical reaction to the length of 65 and 7 0, two encountering 100% of chemical reactions. The subjects in addition made tangible numbers of results when length of 60 and 75 were tested. However, when length of 55 and 80 were tested, chemical reaction rates decreased sort of dramatically, sole(prenominal) 20% of the total responses were recorded, making the graphical record a bell-shaped one.\r\nAs for length of 85 or above, no responses were detected. For the wander representing my own proceeds, it is more or slight a symmetrical graph as well. The highest rate of response occurred in response to the master copy length of 75. Once again, unassailable numbers of responses were also detected when length of 70 and 80 were tested. neertheless at that place is a huge decrement of response for much shorter or longer lengths (i. e. , 55-65 and 85-95), no responses were detected. These two curves both serve to charge the phenomenon of stimulus generalization, though the item-by-item result better explains it.\r\nT he extreme of response rate lies on or around (for the class mean) the target length,75. further quite a equivalent fate of total responses were also made to the lengths around the target one, this indicates that acting generalise to the 70 or even 65 and 80 stimuli, and so a well-heeled gradient could be plotted. On the separate hand, as the length of the test stimuli became increasingly different from the target length, progressively fewer responses occurred. It is because the difference between the tested length and the target length was significant seemly to be recognized and differentiated, thus quite a ramatic decrement of responses occurred when a relatively very short or very long line were tested. The results shown a gradient of responding as a function of how similar each test stimulus was to the master training stimulus (target). One campaign for non having the highest ploughshare of responses at 75 for the class statistics would be because it was reflecti ng the class average responses and there might be out-lyers whose results affected the norm. Stimulus generalization gradients provided precise nurture about how much a stimulus has to be careend to produce a change in behavior.\r\nA gentle slope shows the variation in the stimulus is not significant enough to produce a respond to the variation while a proud slope shows the variation in the stimulus is large enough for the subjects to respond to it. In Figure 2, it shows the comparison of the intradimensional discrimination gradients of the two subject groups (me as an individual and the class average). To commence with, I depart first talk about the curve representing the class mean. The shape of the curve is asymmetrical, with the highest percentage of response again occurred in response to the length of 65 and 70, achieving 100% responses.\r\nBut this time, once the length increased gradually from 70, the percentage of response decreased steady until it reached 0% when the length of 85, which is the S- (preferential stimulus), is tested. Although the target length was again, 75, there is a counterintuitive phenomenon know as the peak-shift moment to explain the peak of response lying on 65 and 70 instead of 75. Quite high percentages of response were occurred when 75, the target length was presented. Yet the percentage of responses was higher to 65 and 70 than to 75.\r\nThis shift of the peak responding away from the original S+ is recognizable after discrimination training with the length of 85 as S-. This shift of the peak has an explanation separate than the generalization. During the earlier phase of discrimination training, responding was never reinforced in the presence of the 65 and 70 stimuli. However, because the target stimulus and the discriminative stimulus are similar in intradimensional discriminative tasks, the generalization gradients of excitation and suppression will crossway.\r\nThis is due to the inhibitory response learnt when S- is presented in the discriminatory training. Moreover, the story of overlap will depend on the degree of similarity between S+ and S-. Since then, reason inhibition from S- will suppress responding to S+ resulting this peak-shift effect. As for the curve representing my own result, the graph is more or less care symmetrical, with the peak occurring at the length of 75. The percentage of response increased significantly from the length of line varies from 65 to 70, creating a steep slope.\r\nFor lines which differed from the target length comparatively much, ilk 55-65 and those above 90, no response were made, therefore 0% of the total response were recorded. Though I have also bygone through the discrimination training, the absence of peak-shift effect may be due to individual difference, or insufficient training, therefore I still responded most to the S+ stimulus (target length,75) and responded progressively less as the length of the test stimuli deviated from the S+ sti mulus.\r\n'

'Descartes vs. Spinoza Essay\r'

'What I ordain do in this following paper is to dispute two really interesting philosophers, Rene Descartes and Benedictus de Spinoza. I will discuss separately philosopher’s perspectives and insights on their almost(prenominal) recognized theories and thoughts. I will and so evaluate them and past give my opinion on the precondition topic. By doing this, I will system of logical argument the similarities and contrasts between the two genius minds. By the end of the paper I will ca-ca discarded some cerebrations and opinions from each of the two and will deem my protest judgment that consists of thoughts from Spinoza, Descartes and my self put to developher.\r\nThemes On Descartes: Existence of matinee idol- Descartes’ sight †One of the most famous and debat sufficient theories Descartes had was his check of the public of theology. He had for steps on the escape to prove this. 1) Everything including our thought processs has a cause. 2) We b efool an idea of god. 3) Nothing less than graven image is fitted to be the cause of our idea of God. An in the end 4) Therefore God exists. My discern †Considering the event that Descartes was a rationalist and a very religious man, you female genitals see wherefore he would desperately try to muddle aw arness of everything, including God.\r\nI look at his proof that he has laid out for us that God exists is false. What Descartes is try to tell us is that our idea of God comes directly from God himself and that we mass non create something in our minds that we have not already witnessed by our sentiences. and I believe we can implant the idea of God in our minds without God place it for us. Since man has been on this pla realize, we have been evolving. I believe our idea of God is a collection of thoughts and ideas that has evolved. Ideas such as security, peace, direction, order, separating dandy and evil, questions to our existence, comfort, space, answers t o questions no one has.\r\nIt is all these thoughts, ideas and to a greater extent put together in our minds overtime that create this all mighty goodly being who fargons all and is all that we phone God. The U-Turn- Descartes’ View †One of the aspects Descartes strived to find was â€Å" inference”, searching for absolute foundation. He matte in order to come cross styles indisputablety; we must first suspect everything we know. To help people comprehend his idea, he created the U-Turn as a visual computer address to understand. As we go d make the â€Å"U” we first doubt common sense, at that placefore we doubt alert/sleep since he believes we can’t punctuate the difference.\r\nWe come up to go d feature the â€Å"U” by doubting mathematics because there could be an â€Å"Evil Genius” that tricks us into believe something untrue. At the bottom of this U we profit the point where nothing is certain pretermit one thing according to Descartes, which is our existence. He says â€Å"I think, therefore I am”, which means the simply(prenominal) thing we can be certain about(predicate) is our own existence. He so stops and says if we exist, thus there must be a God, and this is where the U takes its turn and moves upwards.\r\nHe consequently says if God exists he would not tell on us because he is all loving and caring, therefore we have no apprehension to doubt mathematics, followed by ourselves (body/mind) and lastly we can then be certain about the physical world, no need to doubt it. My View †I find this to be an interesting concept that Descartes has sortingulated in his mind, one that is most definitely worthy thinking about and taking into consideration. But in my point of view, there is a break in his chain. From the moment he mentions we doubt being awake and un advised is where I think his U-Turn collapses.\r\nDescartes says we can not distinguish the difference between the two, precisely that’s only true to a certain point. As humans we have logic, common sense and we ar aw are of most of the knowledge we obtain. We know that we cognise a life every solar day and that we need rest every darkness; and we know that sleeping is a form of rest which sometimes includes bizarre, twisted, chaotic scenarios which we beef reveries or nightmares. The argument he make on this segment of his U-Turn concept was only half true. He was right on the fact that we can not distinguish the difference when in a dream state scarcely wrong on the idea that same goes for when we are awake.\r\nAs human begins we whitethorn not be able to have any reasoning, logic or understand the fact that we are dreaming but when we are not dreaming we can logically know we are awake and be able to know the difference between awake/sleep which means we don’t have to doubt common sense or mathematics anymore. If this is the case then Descartes U-Turn theory is wron g and the idea that the only thing we can be â€Å"certain” about is our own existence is false. Themes On Spinoza:\r\nConception of God- Spinoza’s’ View †Spinoza went on a whole varied direction when it came to God. Up to his point in time most people believed in a a priori God, this meant that they believed in a personal God that was all loving, caring and would not shop us human beings. People would stone pit to this personal God for motley things the like comfort and security, but Spinoza had his own belief. His intention was quite different from that of anyone else. His designing of God was non-personal (Non- Transcendent) and was the totality of everything that is immanent.\r\nHe explained that our measureless Universe is one that has no exterior and is also one big entanglement where everything in it is connected. What he is basically trying to say is that God=Nature, God is the totality of everything that is. My View †Spinozaâ€℠¢s conception of God is quite absurd. There may or may not be a God but if there is, it is definitely not the totality of everything that is. The meaning of God is a high imperious being that would have a higher consciousness than humans. There is a difference between nature and God.\r\nI odour nature is more on the lines of what he is trying to say but uses the raillery â€Å"God”. God can not be everything that is because then that would mean we are part of the make up of God and that is absurd. How can everything in the universe that has no conception of God be a part of God? His thoughts and ideas on this guinea pig don’t add up in the end and don’t seem like an delightful upshot to the questions revolving around â€Å"God”. Ethics: On Interconnected Self- Spinoza’s’ View †Spinoza said that freedom of selection is an illusion and that everything that happens is part of a prerequisite order witch is completely rational.\r\nM y View †If freedom of weft is an illusion and everything is already cut back to happen before it occurs…then why are we making choices in the first place? I believe we do have freedom of choice and that we set our own destiny. Everything will be set but is not set yet. We must make choices and decisions to get to where we fate to or do not compulsion to. This can be compared to a television receiver game, the programmer and the player. The programmer sets al these scenarios, levels, obstacles, directions and gives the gamer various choices to make.\r\nThe player goes through these obstacles, and makes choices where many possibilities are presented to him/her. Ultimately the game will force out one room or the early(a) with the choices that the player makes. All these various different possibilities were laid out (each which had its own outcome) but the player made the decision to get to where he/she is now. general Comparison: later taking in everything these tw o philosophers have presented and evaluating their ideas, I have come up with my own thoughts. I believe Descartes had a much more reasonable and acceptable point of view than Spinoza.\r\nDescartes thoughts and concepts were easier to understand and coupe with. I disagree a lot with two of the two but my mind has a greater understanding of Descartes perspective. Spinoza was so special in his own way because of his unique ideas but his concepts on God and ethics seemed to far fetch. Descartes seemed to be on a perfect track until he took a couple things too far like God, trying to prove his existence. If we are to gain knowledge through sense experience then technically we have no knowledge of God, jus a combine of thoughts and ideas to create such a being.\r\nOverall I like Descartes philosophical way of thinking more than any other philosopher and feel we can learn a lot from him including helping ourselves to think in a more abstract philosophical manner. Sources Of Information : 1) A History of occidental Philosophy : Hobbes to Hume (Second Edition) 2) individual. utoronto. ca/mtlin/god. pdf 3) www. utm. edu/research/iep/s/spinoza. htm 4) http://serendip. brynmawr. edu/Mind/17th. html 5) www. trincoll. edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/descartes. html 6) www. connect. net/ron/descartes. html.\r\n'

'Imperialism and socialism in the context of Africa Essay\r'

'Cecil Rhodes Social Darwinism advocate states, â€Å"I contend that we be the finest race in the realness and that the more of the world we inha post the better…” world power Leopold of Belgium, â€Å"To open to civilization the only part of the humankind where it has yet to penetrate …is, I dare to secern, a crusade worthy of this century of progress.” From the above assertions, it is judicious to note that, colonial powers idea Africa to be spare of an organization in social, political and economic prospect and therefore they wanted â€Å"to make Africa, England.” In that thought of naivety of the Afri preempts, there were societal structures and organizations which British did not care to observe. However, it was not going to be slatternly as where two or three grows interact a clash is inevitable.\r\nAlthough Africa was not a field of force or bear continent, Afri lavs had their commission of life, structure of government, theolo gy, economic activities, education, brasss of marriage and development plans for their societies, nevertheless the British brought their systems which conflicted with Africans conventional way of life, this was because the British, as many different European powers were economically depressed and Africa appeared to be the only way out. The British wanted to pass the three C’s; Commerce, that is to make m whizzy through the socialization of free labor form Africans, raw materials for their industries as industrial revolution back in Britain was promptly taking place, a market for their surplus exertion; Christianity to save Africans.Explorers much(prenominal) as David Livingst oneness, Vasco Da Gama, Portuguese Diego Cam and Arabs with Muslim faith had missioner eagerness. The last C is for Civilization, they wanted to civilize Africans in footing of education, culture and many other aspects. Thus, to a larger extent, the activities of British heartened conflicts.\r\ nAfrican tralatitious m vocality is rooted in the African culture, it was difficult for Christianity to penetrate through. Portuguese essay in the fifteen century and failed. For Christianity to take the tendency the Africans had to abandon their culture which was hard so to say. The Missionaries in the nineteenth century, however, came up with an elaborate plan for them to bed covering Christianity. They introduced through unearthly belief, education and health centers which contradicted informal learning and the institution of medicine men. Africans gradually began to embrace Whiteman’s way of life but not without several(prenominal)(prenominal) clashes. These battles are seen in various forms such as spiritual, doctrinal, cultural and practical. The African pietism has been given several definitions by different scholars, for instance, Mbiti has elaborated aspects of African religion.\r\nIn his confine African conventional piety, Mbiti (1991) African religion is really pragmatic and realistic (p2), he explains that it is use in circumstances where the need arises. In addition, he states that religion is rooted in the local language, so to comprehend the apparitional life of an African nightspot one has to scan the local dialect. He promote affirms, â€Å"To be an African in the traditional setup is to be truly sacred.” (p30) He states that the religion can be seen in five aspects of culture; beliefs, practices, ceremonies and festivals, spectral objects and places, value, and morals and spectral officials and leaders. He defines African religion as: â€Å"The product of the thinking and experiences of our forefathers and mothers that is men and women of their generations. They form religious ideas, they notice religious ceremonies and rituals, they told proverbs and romances which safeguarded the life of various(prenominal) and his association of interests.(pp 13-14) Mbiti notes that African religion has no scriptures as compared to Christianity and other religions, it is compose in peoples history, hearts and experiences of the people.(p14)\r\nAwolalu in his book Sin and its remotion in the African Traditional Religion defines African religion as â€Å"… generally written in the people’s myth and folktales, in their songs and dances, in their liturgies and shrines and in their proverbs and pithy sayings. It is a religion whose historical founder is neither cognize nor moralityped; it is a religion that has no zeal for the instalmentship drive, yet it offers persistent fascination for Africans, one-year-old and old.” The African traditional religion was not resembling as the communities had different heathenish understate and then the religious practices such rituals varied one community to the other. It is worth noting that it was oral, not scripted or written and was passed from one generation to the other by pronounce of mouth, as I p pertainably alluded in the d efinitions of religion. indoors their organized societal structures, Africans believed in supernatural beings unitedly with hereditary spirits. The ancestral spirits were believed to link the backing societal members to the gods. thitherfore, the African traditional religion was and hush is interweaved to the African culture.\r\nFrom the above insights, one cannot talk well-nigh African religion without African values as they are intertwined and inseparable. African religion was embedded in moral values or codes or standards which were believed to protrude from God through the ancestral spirits, these values when observed one would be rewarded with maybe good product from their conclusion of land or increased exit of the flock of cattle. When these values have go against the culprits were reprimanded. The model of values is a vital blot as one talks of the African religion. For that reason, African religion is drawn from the African values and glossiness. African Cultur e was the source of lawfulness through the moral codes and values passed from generation to generation. From the above description, we can see that law or rules of conduct were embedded in religion and that African religion was interweaved in the African culture. topical anaesthetic dialect was the medium through which African culture and religion were propagated.\r\nThe African religion had some(prenominal)what institutions as Mbiti points out in the aspects of African religion, who presided over religious functions, these institutions were believed to communicate directly to ancestral spirits (living dead) who in turn would communicate to the gods and grievances of the living societal members would be heard. In the Kenyan context, these institutions include Orkoyot of the Nandi, Oloibon of the Maasai, Seers, Diviners, and Rainmakers depending on the ethnic communities which they came from. These institutions apart from the veneration of the ancestors, they blessed warrior befo re going for war, advised the political leaders, offered sacrifice to god and conducted rituals for the culprits who violated moral values in the community. The gods had some peculiar(prenominal) names for instance, in Kenyan context, we had Enkai for the Maasai, Encore for the Abagusii, Mulungu for Akamba, Asis the Nandi, Ngai for the Agikuyu and Nyasaye for the Luo. in that location were specific faith places which were regarded as holy, this places included shrines, mountaintops some special trees such as mugumo, hills, and some caves. The sort of the names given to gods and places of worship, show the lack of unison in the African Religion. Consequently, Africans were of different ethnic background and had their own religion, gods, and religion as a community. The clashes can be seen in the five aspects as earlier alluded in Mbiti’s work that is beliefs, practices, ceremonies, festivals, religious objects and places, values, and morals, religious officials and leader s. These aspects of African religion differ from those of Christianity.\r\nThe Africans believed that their religion was sourced from god, who they believed capacious before their ancestors’ existence. The British Missionaries conflict with Africans by sexual congress them about the existence of a God who had a son and lived among them many years ago. The religion of British was written (Bible) thus one had to have the cleverness to read and spare in order to understand it, whereas that of African was passed from generation to generation by oral tradition. There is an introduction of a new system of identifying the origin of religion which conflicts with the African system. Language is in any case conflicted as Africans could not comprehend English, hence missionaries such as Ludwig Krapf translated the Bible into the local dialect.\r\nThe Africans revered in special caves, Mountaintops, hills, Forests, Special trees (mugumo) and shrines. The British tell Africans that t hey should worship God places called Churches. This encounter shows that there is a bit of clashing as the African places were very distinctly defined and preserved by the community members. The British also seized African land to construct churches or chapels, Africans, as a result, became very hostile as they had distinct worship places which occurred naturally. They believed that their land was in cultivation and a gift from their gods.\r\nThe Africans practiced their religion by reverence to their ancestors, offering human and animal sacrifices and invoking the ancestral spirits, for instance, the Umira Kager clan believed in spirits in the S.M Otieno case. They offered sacrifices in order to get favors in terms of harvest. The African worship was communal that is, all community members utilise to convene to pray for rain and ask for the health of the community. The British religion had an aspect of confession of one`s sins before worship, repentance, and forgiveness of sin a re granted. This aspect of forgiveness of sins lacks in the traditional African religion, one had to be punished for wrongdoing. British missionary religion brings out an aspect of offerings in terms of money and tithe which is ten percent of one`s total earnings. The British advocated for human rights and therefore disregarded and condemned human sacrifices.\r\nIn African religion, worship was led by Diviners, Rainmakers, and Seers who were considered righteous. The work of religious leaders was taught through apprecentiship and was hereditary from specific clans in the community. There were certain clans from whom diviners would descend. They were highly respected in the community. The British Christian religious leaders attend schooltime to be trained mainly in theology. They read formalities of worship and nature of God. Any member of Christian family can become a religious leader although there are some myths which say one has to be ‘called’ by God. A Christian l eader has to have the ability to read and write so as to pass the scriptures to his congregation.\r\nAfrican traditional religion was diverse from one ethnic community to the other due to the linguistic differences, migration patterns and origin. Christianity is introduced as a homogeneous religion as the author of it is rescuer Christ, a common ancestry and reference point for all Christians. The diversity of worship is dismantled by the British introduction of this even religion.\r\nAfricans were notoriously religious as it was found in each group. Africans who lived as per the traditional way of life were regarded as very religious.it is also worth acknowledging that Africans are at joint due to the fact that religion is embedded in the African culture and language. It is thus difficult for Africans to in full be committed to Christianity as being fully whole-hearted means they will have to abandon some of the partaking of African culture and indigenous dialect by embracing t he Whiteman’s language and culture. This has already happened as some dedicated African Christians according to Quarcoopome (1987), refer to traditional religion as paganism, fetish, and animism.\r\nReferences.\r\nAwolalo, JO, Sin and Its Removal from the African Traditional Religion (1976)\r\nHistory and governance Form One to Four, KLB Fourth Edition. The People of Kenya Up to the 19th Century\r\nKwasi W, Towards Decolonizing African Religion and Philosophy, African Studies (1998) Quarterly volume 1 Issue 4.\r\nOjwang’ JB and Mugambi JNK (eds), The SM Otieno case, Death and Burial in Modern Kenya, (1989) capital of Kenya University press\r\nMbiti, JS, African Religion and Philosophy, Oxford, England, (1999) Heinemann Educational Publishers.\r\nMbiti, JS, access to African Religion Oxford, England, (1991) Heinemann Educational Publishers.\r\nUchenna O, African articulation: Conflict between African Traditional Religion and Christianity, (2008) The International Jou rnal of Humanities vol 6 zero(prenominal) 2\r\nQuarcoopome, TNO, West African traditional religion. Ibadan, Nigeria: (1987) African Universities Press.\r\nNAME: MUNYALO, DANIEL MUTHENGI\r\nREG.NO: G34/102614/2017\r\nCOURSE: GPR 100 LEGAL explore AND WRITING\r\nCONVENER: DR. NKATHA KABIRA\r\nâ€Å"The encounter between the British and Africans was a case of two worlds colliding.”\r\nDiscuss…\r\n'

'Concepts of Sociology Essay\r'

'Values, beliefs, behaviours, practices, and objects that constitute a masss way of life. This is referred to as gardening. It takes two forms; framework re o.k.ment and non-material agri refining. Material gardening cosmos a physical trait and non-material kitchen-gardening being a non-physical trait. A prime role model of a physical trait for a material culture in Ireland for example would be our issue flag or a sham quaver. This represents our culture and is recognised world-wide as being associated with us. Physical traits much(prenominal) as these are known as symbols of our culture.\r\nHaving said that, a good example of a non-physical trait of culture would be the language of that culture, or the belief system. It’s whateverthing we don’t physically wear on our person but we know it is there. Our religion, our native knife; Gaeilge. Each culture has their own non-physical trait. Culture consists of the beliefs, behaviours, objects, and divers(preno minal) characteristics common to the members of a particular group or monastic order. Through culture, people and groups define themselves, conform to guild’s shell outd values, and contribute to club.\r\nThus, culture includes umpteen societal aspects: language, customs, values, norms, mores, rules, tools, technologies, products, organizations, and institutions. This latter term institution refers to clusters of rules and heathenish gists associated with specific social activities. Common institutions are the family, education, religion, work, and health care. Popularly speaking, being cultured means being well-educated, knowledgeable of the arts, stylish, and well-mannered. High cultureâ€generally chased by the upper classâ€refers to classical music, theater, fine arts, and other sophisticated pursuits.\r\nMembers of the upper class nooky pursue high art because they have ethnic capital, which means the professional credentials, education, knowledge, and ve rbal and social skills necessity to attain the â€Å"property, power, and prestige” to â€Å"get ahead” socially. pathetic culture, or popular cultureâ€generally engage by the working and middle classesâ€refers to sports, movies, television sitcoms and soaps, and rock music. Remember that sociologists define culture differently than they do cultured, high culture, low culture, and popular culture.\r\nSociologists define society as the people who interact in such a way as to share a common culture. The cultural bond may be ethnic or racial, based on gender, or due to shared beliefs, values, and activities. The term society disregard also have a geographic meaning and refer to people who share a common culture in a particular location. For example, people living in arctic climates developed different cultures from those living in desert cultures. In time, a large variety of human cultures arose around the world. Culture and society are intricately related.\r\nA culture consists of the â€Å"objects” of a society, whereas a society consists of the people who share a common culture. When the terms culture and society first acquired their current meanings, most people in the world worked and lived in small groups in the identical locale. In today’s world of 6 billion people, these terms have lost some of their usefulness because increasing numbers of people interact and share resources globally. Still, people tend to use culture and society in a more traditional sense: for example, being a part of a â€Å"racial culture” within the larger â€Å"U. S. society. ”\r\n'

'Arthur Black\r'

'Arthur blacken is a very magisterial man. In his essays whatever Canada, he has many piteous pieces ab pop the differences betwixt Canadians and Americans. He states how there is neer anything distressing said ab forbidden Canada, and that Canada could even be considered a â€Å"wallflower”. In his essay Canadian Passion Not Flagging, Black duologue about how the Americans wave their rowlock and Canadians do not. Americans set out their flag everywhere; hanging inside malls, and even at the gas stations. In his essay Canada: Too urbane to Live, it says how the American Declaration of Independence demands life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.Canadians drive settled for peace, order, and good government. Another difference between Americans and Canadians according to Arthur Black is that the Americans grapple oft more than about their countries history than Canadians know about theirs. Toronto is unimpeachably not one of Arthur Black’s favored pl aces to be. He explains in the essay Toronto: Not preferably Ready for Prime Time, Black says how â€Å"it doesn’t have the easy beauty of Vancouver, or the joire de vivre of Montreal. It lacks the architectural dump of Ottawa and the mountainscape backdrop of Calgary”.Black says it feels fast, brittle, insentientness, and arrogant, and that it is all about money. He says how Torontonians do not look equal they ar having a good time, and at sporting events the fans be a great deal quieter than other cities in Canada. Arthur Black likewise says how Toronto people do not really caveat about the meaning of things; they just want it to be productive. Black says how they think ‘The Rock’ (massive slab of Muskoka granite) is a rot of space in the d admittown park. It is pointless and they would quite an have something there that would feed money.Toronto would not be the place Arthur would choose to live in for the lay of his life. Arthur Black woul d define Canada as a push-down store of things. He says how Canadians don’t know their own national anthem, and in the article O Cana-a-do (re, mi) Arthur talks about how if a Canadian is accused of world an American, they will fight until it is proven otherwise. Also, to be Canadian, it is well-nigh a must to have an interest in hockey. Hockey is the one sport Canada can safely say they be the best at. People from Canada know a different level of cold than places like the USA.In the article A Samaritan with Jumper Cables, Black says how â€Å"this aint a country; this is wintertime. ” Also in that article, he tells some stories about how polite and kind people from Canada argon and how if the machine spun off the road or ran out of gas, Canadians would be there to help right away. Arthur Black’s main classification of Canada is polite, and that is most probably the rest of the world’s opinion also. Your Canada pass in Canada is much different than winter in other countries. For one, it is much longer. pass lasts about six to octonary months, and it can be unbearably cold. The sidereal days argon significantly shorter than summer, which makes it that much harder to wake up for the day at school or at work. Having to power shovel the driveway isn’t Canadians favorite(a) pastime at seven in the morning when they are divergence to be late for work. Also what needs to be taken into account is making accepted the car is plugged in during the night. When that is forgotten in the cold days of winter, it is pretty hard to feature anywhere because no car would start if it was sitting outside.The while of winter in Canada isn’t all bad though, it is very pretty at times. Waking up and looking out the window to a smart blanket of snow is one of the greatest sights for a Canadian. Also, sitting by the fire place with it snow-covered outside, drinking a warm cup of cocoa is the best on a snowy day. Winter for Can adians also means hockey. Whether it is hockey in a rink or shinny on a frozen pond, Canadians love their hockey. For many Canadians, being dynamical in winter is an important part of enjoying life.There are many other outdoor winter activities, including skiing, icing the puck fishing, walking, skating and tobogganing, amongst others. Winter also means Christmas. Christmas is the long-range break for students in school, so it is a much anticipated holiday. It seems like everyone is in a much better mood when Christmas is coming, it might be because they get to see family and they get time to put up their feet and relax. Sometimes people from other countries will need â€Å"how do you tell people apart when they backpack themselves with a winter jacket”, but the law is, that’s exactly how to tell people apart.People most the city get to know what jacket others have, and that becomes their identity. It sure saves a lot of time picking out an outfit to wear for th e day when a winter jacket ends up covering it up anyways. The cold winter days are also a great time to catch up on the missed TV shows. In the summer, there is forever something to do because the days are bright so long. In winter, it gets dark at around six, which leaves mess of time to catch up on favorite TV seasons. Canadians are winter experts and know how to make it the best it can possibly be.\r\n'

'External Analysis of the Telecommunication Industry Essay\r'

'Economic\r\n• market analysis by Insight Research predicts that telecoms- constancy tax enhancement lead reach $1.2 trillion by the stop of next year, and grow by a compound rate of 5.9 percent to $1.6 trillion by 2010.\r\n• telecom remains an essential part of the human beings delivery and the telecom assiduity’s revenue has been put at just under 3% of the staring(a) world product.\r\n• Mobile prognosticates contri plainlye had a operative impact on predict net croaks. Mobile send for subscriptions in a flash out event glacial- atmosphere subscriptions in many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) markets. gross sales of fluid phones in 2005 totaled 816.6 million with that guess being al to the highest degree equally sh ard amongst the markets of Asia/ peace-loving (204 m), Western Europe (164 m), CEMEA (Central Europe, the Middle East and Africa) (153.5 m), northern America (148 m) and Latin America (102 m)\r\n• In price of n ew subscriptions oer the five days from 1999, Africa has out staird a nonher(prenominal) markets with 58.2% growth\r\n• Size matters in telecom. It is an expensive patronage; contenders need to be large enough and affirm sufficient cash flow to absorb the be of expanding net turn over ups and returnss that become obsolete seemingly overnight. transmittance systems need to be re s essenced as frequently as every two years. Big companies that let encompassing networks †curiously local networks that stretch directly into customers’ central daubs and melodic phrasees †ar less(prenominal)(prenominal) reliant on inter associateing with other companies to arrive calls and information to their final destinations. By contrast, smaller players essential apply for interconnect more often to aroexercising the job. For little operators hoping to grow big some day, the fiscal challenges of keeping up with quick technological form and depreciation em pennage be monumental.\r\n• During the late 1990s, the tele communication theory patience experienced very rapid growth and capacious investment in contagion subject. Eventually this ca apply deliver to significantly exceed demand, resulting in very practically move prices for transmission capacity. The excess capacity and appendageal competitor led to either declining revenues or slowing revenue growth, which has led to consolidation within the industry, as many companies merged or left the industry.\r\nSocio-Cultural\r\n• telecommunication is an important part of many modern societies. Good telecommunication infrastructure is widely ac fellowshipd as important for frugal success in the modern world on micro- and macro frugal scale. • On the microeconomic scale, companies retain use telecommunication to help build world-wide empires, this is self-evident in the business of online retailer Amazon.com but even the pompous retailer Wal-Mart has benefite d from superior telecommunication infrastructure comp bed to its competitors. In modern Western society, home owners often use their telephony to organize many home service ranging from pizza deliveries to electricians. Even comparatively poor communities have been noted to use telecommunication to their advantage. In Bangladesh’s Narshingdi district, isolated villagers use jail cell phones to speak directly to wholesalers and arrange a expose price for their goods. In Cote d’Ivoire java growers per centum mobile phones to follow hourly variations in coffee prices and sell at the best price.\r\n• On the macroeconomic scale, in 2001, Lars-Hendrik Röller and Leonard Waverman suggested a causal affaire among good telecommunication infrastructure and economic growth. Few dispute the existence of a correlation cosound although some argue it is wrong to view the family as causal. • However from any perspective the economic benefits of good telecommuni cation infrastructure argon inevitable and, for this reason, in that respect is increasing worry about the digital divide.\r\nA 2003 survey by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) revealed that roughly one-third of countries have less than 1 mobile subscription for every 20 batch and one-third of countries have less than 1 fixed line subscription for every 20 people. In monetary value of net profit price of admission, roughly half of countries have less than 1 in 20 people with meshwork access. • The September 11 attack reinforces the need for robust, integrated networks that have a towering prob faculty of excerpt in the event of natural or synthetic disaster. That argues for a consolidated base of carriers operating with agreed-upon disaster protocols Technological\r\n• The largest sector of the tele communication theory industry continues to be do up of pumped-up(a) telecommunications carriers. Establishments in this sector in general raise reverberate service via wires and cables that connect customers’ expound to central offices maintained by telecommunications companies. The central offices retard shimmy equipment that lanes mental ability to its final destination or to another switching center that determines the most expeditious route for the content to take. While voice used to be the main type of data transfer over the wires, wired telecommunications service now includes the transmission of all types of graphic, video, and electronic data mainly over the meshwork.\r\n• These new services have been made mathematical by dint of with(predicate) the use of digital technologies that leave alone much more efficient use of the telecommunications networks. hotshot major engineering science breaks digital signals into packets during transmission. Networks of computerized switching equipment, called packet switched networks, route the packets. Packets whitethorn take separate paths to their de stination and may part the paths with packets from other users. At the destination, the packets are reassembled, and the transmission is complete. Because packet switching considers alternate routes, and allows multiple transmissions to share the same route, it results in a more efficient use of telecommunications capacity as packets are routed on less congested routes. • One authority wired carriers are expanding their bandwidth is by replacing hair wires with type optic cable. Fiber optic cable, which transmits light signals along glass strands, permits fast-breaking, heightser capacity transmissions than traditional copper wire lines. In some areas, carriers are extending type optic cable to residential customers, enabling them to tender cable television, video-on-demand, high-velocity Internet, and conventional telephone communications over a iodin line.\r\nHowever, the high follow of extending roughage to homes has slowed deployment. In most areas, wired carri ers are or else leveraging existing copper lines that connect most residential customers with a central office, to provide digital subscriber lines (DSL) Internet service. Technologies in breeding will further boost the speeds available through a DSL connection. • piano tuner telecommunications carriers, many of which are subsidiaries of the wired carriers, transmit voice, graphics, data, and Internet access through the transmission of signals over networks of radio towers. The signal is transfer through an antenna into the wire line network. early(a) piano tuner services include beeper and paging services. Because receiving set devices film no wire line connection, they are popular with customers who need to communicate as they travel residents of areas with inadequate wire line service, and those who apparently desire the convenience of portable communications. Increasing numbers of consumers are choosing to replace their home landlines with wireless phones.\r\nà ¢â‚¬Â¢ Wireless telecommunications carriers are deploying several new technologies to allow faster data transmission and better Internet access that should make them agonistical with wire line carriers. One technology is called third coevals (3G) wireless access. With this technology, wireless carriers plan to sell music, videos, and other exclusive content that can be downloaded and played on phones de sign-language(a) for 3G technologies. Wireless carriers are developing the next generation of technologies that will surpass 3G with even faster data transmission. Another technology is called â€Å"fixed wireless service,” which involves connecting the telephone and/or Internet wiring system in a home or business to an antenna, instead of a telephone line. The replacement of landlines with cellular service should become increasingly common because advances in wireless systems will provide data transmission speeds corresponding to wideband landline systems.\r\n• Change s in technology and commandment now allow cable television providers to postulate directly with telephone companies. An important change has been the rapid emergence in two-way communications capacity. constituted pay television services provided communications provided from the distributor to the customer. These services could not provide effective communications from the customer back to other points in the system, due to signal interference and the limited capacity of conventional cable systems. As cable operators mechanism new technologies to reduce signal interference and increase the capacity of their distribution systems by installing fiber optic cables and improved data compression, some pay television systems now offer two-way telecommunications services, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as video-on-demand and high-speed Internet access.\r\nCable companies are also increasing their share of the telephone communications market two through their network of conventional ph one lines in some areas and their growing ability to use high-speed Internet access to provide VoIP (voice over Internet protocol). • VoIP is sometimes called Internet telephony, because it uses the Internet to transmit phone calls. While conventional phone networks use packet switching to break up a call onto multiple shared lines between central offices, VoIP extends this process to the phone.\r\nA VoIP phone will break the conversation into digital packets and transmit those packets over a high-speed Internet connection. Cable companies are using the technology to offer phone services without building a conventional phone network. Wireline providers’ high-speed Internet connections also can be used for VoIP and cellular phones are being developed that use VoIP to make calls using local wireless Internet connections. All of the major sectors of the telecommunications industry are or will increasingly use VoIP.\r\nDemographic\r\n• The telecommunications industry offers steady, year-round employment. Overtime sometimes is required, especially during emergencies such as floods or hurricanes when employees may need to cogitation to work with little notice. • Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations account for 1 in 4 telecommunications jobs. Telecommunications line installers and repairers, one of the largest occupations, work in a variety of places, both inwardly and outdoors, and in all kinds of weather. Their work involves lifting, mount uping, reaching, stooping, crouching, and crawling. They essential work in high places such as rooftops and telephone poles, or at a lower place ground when working with conceal lines. Their jobs bring them into proximity with electrical wires and circuits, so they must take precautions to avoid shocks. These workers must wear rubber equipment when entering manholes, and test for the presence of gas beforehand going underground.\r\nTelecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers, generally work indoorsâ€most often in a telecommunication company’s central office or a customer’s place of business. They may have to stand for long periods; climb ladders; and do some reaching, stooping, and light lifting. Adherence to golosh precautions is essential to guard against work injuries such as minor burns and electrical shock. • Most communications equipment operators, such as telephone operators, work at video display terminals in pleasant, well-lighted, air-conditioned surroundings. If the work position is not well designed, however, operators may experience eye line of business and back discomfort. The rapid pace of the job and mop up supervision may cause stress. Some workplaces have introduced innovative practices among their operators to reduce job-related stress.\r\n• The number of disabling injuries in telephone communications, the principal sector of the telecommunications industry, has been well below t he average for all industries in past years. • The telecommunications industry offers employment in jobs requiring a variety of skills and training. umpteen jobs require at least a high school diploma or an associate academic degree in addition to on-the-job training. Other jobs require particular skills that may take several years of experience to learn completely. For some managerial and professional person jobs, employers require a college education. • Due to the rapid foundation of new technologies and services, the telecommunications industry is among the most rapidly changing in the economy.\r\nThis means workers must keep their job skills up to date. From managers to communications equipment operators, increased knowledge of both computer hardware and computer software is of paramount importance. some(prenominal) major companies and the telecommunications unions have created a Web site that provides free training for employees, enabling them to keep their kn owledge current and helping them to advance. Telecommunications industry employers now verbalism for workers with knowledge of and skills in computer programming and software design; voice telephone technology, known as telephony; laser and fiber optic technology; wireless technology; and data compression.\r\nPolitical/ statutory\r\n• Telecommunications Act: Enacted by the U.S. Congress on February 1, 1996, and signed into law by President Bill Clinton in 1996, the law’s main purpose was to take in competition in the United States telecom sector. • FCC controls the wireless spectrum allocations among the various broadcasters and service providers. This allocation is through a competitive auction at high be to service providers, which result in an increase of debt preventative of these companies, eventually trickling down to consumers. • FCC as a watchdog regulates that there be no monopoly of a single player\r\nin the telecom market. Mergers and consoli dation among companies is intimately watched and evaluated before being allowed\r\nPorter’s 5 Forces Analysis\r\n1. Threat of New Entrants †No surprise, in the capital-intensive telecom industry the biggest obstacle-to-entry is access to finance. To cover high fixed be, serious contenders typically require a lot of cash. When capital markets are generous, the threat of competitive entrants escalates. When financing opportunities are less readily available, the pace of entry slows. Meanwhile, ownership of a telecom manifest can represent a huge barrier to entry. In the US, for instance, fledgling telecom operators must all the same apply to the Federal Communications Commission to start regulatory approval and licensing. There is also a finite amount of â€Å"good” radio spectrum that lends itself to mobile voice and data applications. In addition, it is important to find that solid operating skills and management experience is reasonably scarce, making ent ry even more difficult.\r\n2. mightiness of Suppliers †At first glance, it might look alike telecom equipment suppliers have considerable negociate role over telecom operators. Indeed, without high-tech broadband switching equipment, fiber-optic cables, mobile handsets and billing software, telecom operators would not be able to do the job of convey voice and data from place to place. But there are actually a large number of large equipment makers around. Nortel, Lucent, Cisco, Nokia, Alcatel, Ericsson, Tellabs are just a fewer of the supplier names. There are enough vendors, arguably, to rationalize bargaining power. The limited pool of talented managers and engineers, especially those well versed in the latest technologies, places companies in a weak position in damage of hiring and salaries.\r\n3. Power of Buyers †With increased choice of telecom products and services, the bargaining power of buyers is rising. Let’s face it; telephone and data services do not much vary regardless of which companies are selling them. For the most part, basic services are treated as a commodity. This translates into customers seeking low prices from companies that offer accredited service. At the same time, buyer power can vary somewhat among market segments. Customers can be as small as individual residential users like you or me, or be as big as an ISP like America Online or a large university. While switching costs are relatively low for residential telecom customers, they can get higher for larger business customers, especially those that rely more on customized products and services.\r\n4. availableness of Substitutes †Products and services from non-traditional telecom industries pose serious replenishment threats. Cable TV and satellite operators now get by for buyers. The cable guys, with their own direct lines into homes, offer broadband Internet services, and satellite links can ersatz for high-speed business networking needs. Railway s and energy utility companies are laying miles of high-capacity telecom network alongside their own track and pipeline assets. Just as pitiful for telecom operators is the Internet: it is becoming a exe cropable vehicle for cut-rate voice calls. Delivered by ISPs †not telecom operators †â€Å"Internet telephony” could take a big bite out of telecom companies’ core voice revenues.\r\n5. Competitive Rivalry †Competition is â€Å"cut throat”. The wave of industry de-regulation together with the pervious capital markets of the late 1990s paved the way for a rush of new entrants. New technology is prompting a raft of substitute services. virtually everybody already pays for phone services, so all competitors now must lure customers with lower prices and more evoke services. This tends to drive industry profitability down. In addition to low profits, the telecom industry suffers from high put across barriers, mainly due to its specialized equipme nt. Networks and billing systems cannot sincerely be used for much else, and their swift obsolescence makes reasoning by elimination pretty difficult.\r\n'

'Hercules in the Classical and Post Classical Depiction\r'

'In the classical depiction of Hercules, come upon themes of Redemption and wo(e) go hand in hand and are present throughout. When Hera (Zeus’s wife) drives Hercules to madness she sends him to brutally murder his own wife and sons. Hercules is overwhelmed with a sense of ‘blood guilt’ and scathe and condemns himself to exile. He then seeks the Delphic Oracle’s help, she tells him that he is to complete 10 labours for King Eurystheus in ordain to redeem and rid himself of the blood guilt and distress and become an immortal (APOLLODORUS, LIBRARY 22. . 12. ) The idea of suffering makes heroes like Hercules relatable to the mortal audience and whilst Hercules is a demi idol making him faster, stronger and more agile than any some other hero- he remains human in character. No task of Hercules is an easy one but he is willing to go through these taxing adventures in order to redeem himself and set things right. In the take classical depiction- Disneyâ⠂¬â„¢s 1997 movie Hercules- those themes of redemption and suffering are not so present alternatively themes of selflessness and truthful valiance are strong.Hercules is presented as Zeus AND Hera’s son and is a replete god- until Hades poisons him, taking all but his strength. He is deemed mortal and lives with his adopted family in Thebes. Hercules begins the 10 labours in order to regain his immortality and live on Mt Olympus with the other gods. As Hercules begins attempting and completing the labours he becomes approximately of a celebrity with the mortals and they begin to worship him.But the labours alone(predicate) are not enough to make him immortal, he needs to show true selflessness and be willing to sacrifice himself in order to observe another. When Hercules dives into the pool of spirits in Hades’ blaze to bring Megara back to life he risks last to do so and only this is enough to be a true hero and regain him his immortality. Aspects of Herculesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ tosh have been modified to suit the viewers and be age appropriate but the theme of heroism has been dominant in both depictions and that is because Hercules himself was a true hero.\r\n'

'Plato’s Theory of Forms Essay\r'

'Qu.1. A] cond genius Plato’s concept of the blueprints.\r\nB] Evaluate c argonfull conventions as a mien of understanding the introduction.\r\nPlato, Socrates’ famous pupil, created the surmisal of Forms. This essay will explore the ideas of Plato’s theory, the strengths and weaknesses of his thoughts, and how they make a motion our understanding of the man.\r\nThe surmisal of Forms states that everything has a Form- whether it is a chair, a bed, an animal etc; absolutely everything has a Form. Plato also states that ‘Forms atomic number 18 perfection’.\r\nPlato says there ar four Forms for respectable values; these atomic number 18 Truth, Justice, Beauty, and Goodness. Plato believes there is a power structure of Forms, with the Form of Goodness being at the top.\r\nPlato believes that authentic acquaintance comes from knowing the four values, and using them to action Ultimate Reality. The way to achieve True Knowledge is ‘Onl y by means of the mind’ according to Plato. You substantiate to separate body and soul, and concentrate on mind, to fulfil Ultimate Reality.\r\nPlato says we be born with the familiarity of Form, and through education, we recollect this knowledge. For example, we say ‘that is a beautiful blooming’, further what is beauty? As we grow up, we are told what objects are beautiful; Plato states that we learn of Forms through fellowship and learning.\r\nPlato uses the ‘Analogy of the Cave’ to let off his Theory. The sun in the analogy represents the Form of Goodness; it gives life to everything, and is the reference point of all. In Christianity, the Form of Goodness is God, as He is the creator and leader. Plato believes to become a true philosopher you must(prenominal) attain knowledge of Forms, and to accomplish true judgment you must have true awareness of the Form of Goodness.\r\nPlato’s ‘Analogy of the Cave’ also shows that Forms are in a world beyond shadows and beyond appearance, they are the truth within our souls. Saint- Exupery agrees with this by saw ‘What is essential is invisible to the eye’. Plato suggests there is other reality, a reality that is invisible and beyond our senses.\r\nPlato says that occurrences (sight, touch, heart etc) assist in Forms, for example, we look at things to prove if they are good. However, Plato says senses are unreliable and relative, and do not give an absolute view on anything.\r\nPlato’s ‘Analogy of the Cave’ also explains that although everyone knows the Forms, umpteen stand firm to accept them as it can take absent the security of illusions, and the world as you know it. Plato believes Forms cannot be taught, only valued, and utilized.\r\nPlato’s Theory of Forms has had many checks, one being that it is not rattling a theory. It relies on the ‘Analogy of the Cave’ to support and explain its ’ details. This suggests that Plato is diffident of Forms himself, or at least how to explain them.\r\nIt is suggested that the Theory is unsure of the extent of the Forms, for example, is there a Form for humanity or each individual? This is significant as the answer could change the concept of Form, and bowdlerize how the concept is used to understand the world.\r\nAnother criticism is that Plato states that each Form is unique, but does not explain why this is. Plato also tells us about the Forms but does not say what they actually are. This suggests he has half-size read behind his assumptions, and perhaps does not fully understand Forms himself.\r\nPlato’s Theory also has many strong points. It is true that we know Forms- such as beauty etc, and learn about them throughout our lives. This suggests that we are born with knowledge of Forms within our minds, and understand the world using these Forms.\r\nIt is also true that our senses are unreliable and ever-cha nging, for example we say something is ‘big’ but compared to something else it may be ‘small’. The way we believe things are true, is by using our senses. This suggests that the way we understand the world is untrustworthy and false, as it is based on unreliable sources.\r\nAnother strong point is how many of us are secure in our world, and do not want to believe another world exists. We are comfortable in believing what surrounds us is true, and do not want our reality to be shattered.\r\nOverall, Plato’s theory is complicated and based on the fact that everything has a Form, and we all have an innate knowledge of Forms. Plato’s theory is criticised because it is unclear and imprecise, with little evidence to back it up. Nevertheless, it offers us a different way of thinking and a new light to reassure things. We have no idea whether it is true- how can we really know anything?\r\nPlato’s Theory of Forms is comprehendible and unimpe achably possible and allows us to broaden our mind and call up another reality.\r\n'

'Anna Hazare’s Movement Against Corruption\r'

'A mod termination in the history of sluttish-living India, a new path paved by the veteran anti- degeneracy campaigner Anna Haz be. His make do against round-backedion was a ennoble reminder of Mahatma Gandhi’s Satyagraha. His unwavering-unto death, the five day fast has shown the world what Gandhism means in today’s world. The power of Gandhiji’s non violence result never cease to exist in the ages to come. While in Libya and Yemen there is bloodshed for freedom, where lot are waging warfare against one another during the crisis, here in India, a respected social activist Anna Hazare is waging a peaceful, non godforsaken war against rot.\r\nHis urge to free India of the greatest evil, corruption, comm force outs appreciation. This press against corruption staged at Jantar Mantar was not a one- man show. People from various parts of the rural gave their support to Anna Hazare. The greatest merit of this non violent struggle was that no political party was involved in it. Anna Hazare and his supporters were not influenced by any political party. on that point was only one flag waving postgraduate in the sky and in our minds, the Indian field of study Flag.\r\nThe fast ended on a genuinely positive note when the idea of Jan Lokpal Bill was real by the Government of India. fit to the Jan Lokpal Bill, there result be a separate body to analyse and curb the ugly face of India…. CORRUPTION; where people have the right to raise their voice against corrupt politicians. Moreover the CBI testament be seen as an independent body, free of any other external influence. forthwith that the tirade is going to be sanctioned, a very(prenominal) important question arises…. Can all the Indians advert their heart and say with confidence that the Jan Lokpal Bill will eradicate corruption????\r\nMaybe to an extent only when I don’t think it will erase corruption completely in a vast country like India. The Jan Lok pal Bill whitethorn have loopholes like the Right to Information telephone number, an Act passed due to the thrust laid by Anna Hazare. According to the right to tuition act, the citizens of India have the right to invite information on any matter concerning the country, plainly recently an incident occurred which clearly reflects the loopholes in it. A citizen of India lodged a complaint about the ill-gotten wealthiness possessed by the former caput nicety of India, K. G Balakrishnan. Even today complete information about the wealth of this most corrupted chief justice of India is not known to the public. Why? Is it beyond the Right to Information Act? Similar loopholes are likely to be there in the Lokpal bill also. It is sure that as time passes some illegal and illogical rule will come whereby the citizens tin cannot delectation this bill against the Prime Minister, Chief justice and so on thus restricting its use. The new commission formed to frame the bill must ind uce in the interest of all sections of the population.\r\nIt should be taken care that the bill will be artless and does not favour any person; be it the president or prime minister. Further it should be accompanied by other reformation, yes, reformation from the lead astray root level. Recently when assembly elections were held in Kerala, crores of rupees were played out by each candidate of the 140 constituencies for campaigning. Where did this funds come from? If it is the contribution made by oversize industrialists and so on, then those candidates when elected should serve their interests. In Tamil Nadu, people are given free T. Vs and laptops. Where did this money come from? All these are different manifestations of corruption. A very effective way to end corruption is to reduce the money power in elections. Crores of rupees are deposited as black money by many influential people abroad. This unaccounted money should be brought back and if it is done, this black money alo ne can raise the necessary funds required for the pull of metros in all the states of India. These reformations if enforced can provide that extra impetus needed to curb corruption along with the Lokpal bill.\r\nThe Lokpal bill is cent percent real and it upholds the spirit of the organisation because its main aim is to take in a corruption- free India. If by any witness it is against any article of the constitution, it is better to amend the constitution rather than the bill because of its most noble cause. The 2G spectrum case, Adharsh Bhavan Colony, landed estate games are the different issues which we have been hearing in the last few months which has made India a laughing stock in the comity of nations. Let us use the Jan Lokpal bill wisely, sealing its loopholes and see the ultimate result. Let us hope for the best.\r\n'