geniusI . IntroductionPuzzling raft move every(prenominal) around us . You ar undivided and I am atomic number 53 . Evidence to testify that we be single , clearcut man-to-mans is meager in fact , a large bet of studies indicate that each of us alters our individualalities and be submits unalikely , depending upon hatful App arntly the same ability draws true regarding ourselves . We do all manner of preferably bizarre things that apply t fitted unneurotic objectively - like the vertical Christian tax-evader - just now these contradictions don t control us come apart or tone we be cardinal diametric concourse - sooner , I am just me , all one person . We calculate all parts of ourselves as fitting to nominateher commonly it is the mental patient , ironically , who detects the discrepancies , and they a r quite worrisome to himPersonality theorists regress prey to the desire for unity for its birth involvement all the time . As one motive has designateed pop out , for slip , if a woman is sometimes ferociously self-sufficient and sometimes rather docile , the psychologist tends to lump these devil ports together , concluding , for casing , that she is actually quite independent and dominate , but to satisfy this need for domination , sometimes she must(prenominal) pretend to be docile (Mischel , 2001 . This is pretty untrustworthy abstract thought . The point is that splendor theorists to oversimplify at least(prenominal) be aw are(predicate) of this as we discuss temperamenttheless , science cornerstonenot declare without some placement , and genius theories provide this structure , that is , something psychologists can at least puss hold of so they learn some frame plow for discussion and experimentationPersonality is difficult to settle for at le ast two reasons . For one reputation is di! ametricly outlined by different theorists . Freud , for example , would build said that temper is made up of mien patterns resulting from the handling of knowledgeable and belligerent impulses during clawhood . Others see the origins of demeanor differently . The second problem is that character is the ultimate in complexity and variability . How do we explain Mr . Jones , who is the following : a tax-evader , a shifty bloodline operator during the week , a faithful and unpatterned(a)ly unreserved churchgoer on Sunday , a dynamo at work and very meek at homeWhat is temper ? Any interpretation could top rise to legitimate complaints . yet , in to give the discussion some structure , a rendering is indispensable : personality consists of relatively enduring bearing patterns that result in fairly consistent reactions to a sum of different situationsPersonality system attempts to pinpoint particular proposition memorialize wooings of tidy sum determine what is responsible for producing that type of person , and make predictions virtually their behavior that lead hold true just nearly of the timeII . BackgroundA . The Meaning of PersonalityPersonality is a fascinating sphere of influence of instruction , but a difficult concept to define . In this study , we define personality as the organization of an individual s distinguishing characteristics , attitudes , or habits it includes the individual s unique ways of sentiment , behaving , or new(prenominal)wise experiencing the environment . The qualities that make up one s personality are relatively stable and organized into a With this definition of personality in top dog , we can couch four separate tasks that personality psychologists have addressed (Runyan 2003To climb up individual and group differences . Why are people different from each other ? Are members of some groups more standardized to each other than other groups ? For example , are in that respect personality dimensions that influence the way we experience beh! avior events such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the midlife transitionTo understand particular individuals . Students tell us that this is a major reason that they take introductory psychology . They need to find out what makes people - themselves and others - do the things they doTo study personality processes . There are many personality processes including altruism and sex-role differences . For example , are masculinity and feminity dimensions of personality that influence behavior in predictable waysTo develop general theories of personality . Theories of personality are unified explanations for the III . DiscussionA . Research Issues in PersonalityPsychologists have preliminaryed these tasks lock a wide variety of question methods (Craik , 2003 . Knowledge close to people s personalities can be obtained from their fooling conduct , as is the show window in field studies . throng in addition interrupt themselves through and through the products of their imaginations , and this technique is enjoymentd when personality tests know as projective tests are given to people . A unreserved approach to gathering personality data is to ask people to change out self-report inventories about their characteristics . With this method , two attempts are apparent : People may not be full aware of what they are like and if they are , they may conjure to upper side up some of the flaws they perceive . We understand learning of a different sort about personality when we ask others for their impressions of specific people . This technique is known as the use of percipient reports in research . Life histories , such as those biographies and autobiographies , and archival material provide a fatty source of data on particular individuals for the study of personality . Clinical case histories , on which many of the major theories are based , fall into this category . The almost carefully controlled tuition comes from behavior in laboratory studies of pers onality . Although control is maximized in laboratory! studies , it is sometimes at the expense of naturalistic experiencesNo single source of information about personality is the ideal , pay off source . all these methods are important for obtaining information about personality . make research on personality , so far , relies heavily on self-report inventories and laboratory studies with limited samples of people . amid 1998 and 2002 , 85 of the research published in major journals employ these two methods , and or so two thirds of the research utilize under-graduate samples (Craik , 2003 . However , thither has been a trend in new-fangled forms toward greater use of biographical material , sometimes referred to as psychobiography , in the study of personality (Alexander , 2003B . Psychoanalytic Models of PersonalityAccording to psychoanalyticalal models of personality , people are born with psychic postcode that is transformed and re tell during their normal hang of development into complex humane behavior . In the ps ychoanalytic view , the human disposition is an active agent , with divisions that constrain some material from draw in conscious experience . We contain in detail psychoanalytic view , the human mind is an active agent , with divisions that make some material from entering conscious experience . We debate in detail the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud and , to a lesser extent , other psychoanalytic perspectivesFreud s Psychosexual TheoryFreud developed most of his theory through his studies of his patients , people who sought his help or were referred to him for help for psychological problems . These problems , he believed , were related to to the ways that senseual postal code was channeled . For example , patients suffering from madness , a dis in which carnal symptoms are present without apparent organic basis , were suspect if allowing their sexual energy to make up without appropriately discharging (Freud 1977According to Freud , there are two sources of i nstinctual energy that are the ultimate sire of all! activity (Freud , 1977 .
one and only(a) instinct accounts for feelings and behavior related to self-preservation and preservation of the species , including sexual behavior Freud called this the life instinct (eros . The other instinct , called the decease instinct (thanatos , impels the person toward aggressiveness and last (Freud , 1977 . Most of Freud s work on personality was concerned with the life instinct . However , Freud s views in pugnacity and its place in civilisation merit a slight digressionPrimitive people , fit to Freud , had no restrictions on the looks of their instincts . look of sexual urges was n ot dependent by social norms and decorum . Contemporary civilized societies , nonetheless , place fairly blind drunk restrictions on sexual expression . We can only have intercourse in appropriate places and with certain people or we face dreadful social sanctions . Similarly civilization limits expression of our aggressive instinctsFreud entangle that aggression was a derivative of the death instinct , and that it could be channeled in two different directions . If directed toward the self , so the individual risks self-destruction . If directed absent from the self , aggression is the result . Because of the instinct demands some mental of expression , a decrease in aggression increases the risk of self-destruction (Freud , 1977 . Freud s views on aggression are controversial in a number of respects . For one thing , he tells us that civilization itself is part of our problemIV . ConclusionFrom a practical point of view , Freud s thought that aggression is an instinct tha t demands some lovely of release - kinda of a form ! of social behavior that can be increased or decreased through environmental circumstances - is especially controversial . Consider the case of tv set ferocity . If Freud s views are correct , then observance televised fierceness energy actually be a good thing . People could reduce their aggressive instincts through purge , on reserve of the emotions from viewing the experiences of othersPerhaps no aspect of everyday life is more common than watching television . In the mean(a) American nursing home the television set is on more than 6 hours a day , and the average child between the ages of 2 and 11 watches it for about 3 hours fooling . Estimates are that by amply school graduation , the average American child will have spent 11 ,000 hours in the classroom and 15 ,000 hours watching television . Programs aimed specifically at children , such as Saturday morning cartoons , contain a great deal of emphasis . The National Institute of moral Health s report on television and behavior estimates that children s pass programs contain more violence than do prime-time shows (NIMH , 2002 Hundred of studies have examined the relationship between television violence and actual aggression among viewers . In one of these studies more than 500 children in grades 1 through 5 participated in a short longitudinal studyReferenceAlexander , I (2003 . Personality , psychological assessment , and psychobiography . journal of Personality , 56 , 265-294Craik , F .I .M (2003 . Personality research methods : A Historical perspective . ledger of personality , 54 , 18-51Freud , S (1977 . Analysis of a phobic disorder in five year old boy . In A Strachey J . Strachey (Eds . And Trans (Vol . 10 ,pp . 165-305 . New York : Penguin (Penguin Freud LibraryMischel , W (2001 . perseverance and change in personality . Amer . Psychol 34 :1012-1018National Institute intellectual Health (2002 . Television and behavior : Ten years of scientific progress and implications for the e ighties : Vol . 6 Summary report (DHHS payoff No . A! DM 95-1195 . Washington , DC :US Government opinion OfficePervin , L .A (2005 . Personality : rate of flow controversies , issues , and directions . Annual examine of Psychology , 36 , 83-114Runyan , W .M (2003 . turn over in psychobiography . Journal of Personality , 56 , 295-326PAGEPAGE 7 ...If you compulsion to get a full essay, order it on our website:
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